Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner screenSomemultiplication, up in those trees, I talked Hassan into firing walnuts with his sling adjust up at the neighbors eyed German shepherd. Hassan never wanted to, put away if I asked, really asked, he wouldnt deny me. Hassan never denied me any(prenominal) matter. And he was deadly with his slingshot. Hassans male p atomic number 18nt, Ali, used to set about us and lay aside up mad, or as mad as or so genius as gentle as Ali could ever loll. He would wag his finger and thrive us tear from the tree. He would take the mirror and certify us what his mformer(a) had told him, that the devil sh unmatchable mirrors too, shone them to distract Muslims during prayer.And he laughs while he does it, he eternally added, scowling at his son. Yes, Father, Hassan would mumble, looking down at his feet. save he never told on me. Never told that the mirror, worry shooting walnuts at the neighbors dog, was always my idea. But we were kids who had learned to cr awl together, and no history, ethnicity, society, or religious belief was departure to revision that either. I spent still about of the jump twelve historic period of my disembodied spirit play with Hassan.Sometimes, my entire childhood seems equal one large lazy summer day with Hassan, chasing each other mingled with tangles of trees in my fathers yard, playing hide-and-seek, cops and robbers, cowboys and Indians, insect pang with our crowning achievement undeniably the time we plucked the stinger off a bee and tied a string around the poor thing to jerk it back every time it took flight Think of something good, Baba said in my ear. Something happy. Something good. Something happy. I let my mind wander. I let it come Friday afternoon in Paghman.An open field of passel speckled with mulberry tree trees in blossom. Hassan and I stand ankle-deep in untamed grass, I am tugging on the line, the spool spinning in Hassans mentionoused pass, our look moody up to the ki te in the sky. Not a word passes amid us, not because we incur nought to say, provided because we dont realise to say anything thats how it is between stack who are each others first memories, people who draw fed from the corresponding breast. A breeze stirs the grass and Hassan lets the spool roll. The kite spins, dips, steadies. Our twin shadows dance on the rippling grass.From somewhere everywhere the low brick wall at the other end of the field, we hear consult and laughter and the chirping of a water fountain. And music, some thing old and familiar, I think its Ya Mowlah on rubab strings. Someone calls our names everyplace the wall, says its time for tea and coat Next to me, Sohrab was breathing rapidly through his nose. The spool rolling in his palms, the tendons in his scarred wrists like rubab strings. Then I blinked and, for just a moment, the hands holding the spool were the chipped-nailed, calloused hands of a harelipped boy.I heard a crow cawing somewhere a nd I looked up. The park shimmered with snow so fresh, so dazzling white, it burned my look. It sprinkled soundlessly from the branches of white-clad trees. I smelled turnip qurma now. alter mulberries. Sour oranges. Sawdust and walnuts. The muffled quiet, snow-quiet, was deafening. Then far away, across the stillness, a voice calling us home, the voice of a man who dragged his right leg refer 1Sometimes, up in those trees, I talked Hassan into firing walnuts with his slingshot at the neighbours one-eyed German shepherd.Hassan never wanted to, but if I asked, really asked, he wouldnt deny me. Hassan never denied me anything. And he was deadly with his slingshot. Hassans father, Ali, used to catch us and get mad, or as mad as someone as gentle as Ali could ever get. He would wag his finger and wave us down from the tree. He would take the mirror and tell us what his mother had told him, that the devil shone mirrors too, shone them to distract Muslims during prayer. And he laughs w hile he does it, he always added, scowling at his son. Yes, Father, Hassan would mumble, looking down at his feet.But he never told on me. Never told that the mirror, like shooting walnuts at the neighbors dog, was always my idea. (2. 2-3) This passage shows up proto(prenominal) in the novel and really tells us quite a bit about emeer and Hassans friendship. Hassan protects and defends ameer and, foreshadowing afterward chargets in the novel, refuses to tell on ameer. (Hassan will later take the blame for the wad of cash and the watch. ) We should also note that amir seems like the gang leader in this passage, getting the 2 boys into trouble. Does amir control the family relationship? Is this why Hassan oftentimes takes the blame for things?Does emir ever take responsibility for anything in the novel? Quote 2Then he Ali would propel us that there was a brotherhood between people who had fled from the identical breast, a kinship that not even time could break. Hassan and I fed from the same breasts. We took our first steps on the same lawn in the same yard. And, under the same roof, we spoke our first words. Mine was Baba. His was emeer. My name. Theres a primal closeness between Amir and Hassan. Later, swell find out the two boys have the same father, but notice how Hosseini is laying the groundwork for that revelation.The two boys might as well be brothers they learn to walk together, they learn to speak together, and they feed from the same breast. Which brings up an interesting question What does Rahim Khans revelation that Amir and Hassan are half-brothers really change? Arent the two already brothers in everything? Or does blood fundamentally change Amirs relationship with Hassan? Quote 3Ali and Baba grew up together as childhood playmates at least(prenominal) until polio crippled Alis leg just like Hassan and I grew up a generation later.Baba was always telling us about the mischief he and Ali used to cause, and Ali would shake his he ad and say, But, Agha sahib, tell them who was the architect of the mischief and who the poor laborer? Baba would laugh and throw his arm around Ali. But in no(prenominal) of his stories did Baba ever refer to Ali as his friend. (4. 2-3) Baba and Alis friendship parallels Amir and Hassans on a number of levels. First, as this passage indicates, theres a similar pattern of leadership (and power) some(prenominal) Baba and Amir have dominant roles in each friendship.And, lest you forget, Baba betrays Ali much like Amir betrays Hassan. As they say, two peas in a pod. Or, maybe it would be intravenous feeding peas in a pod. Were not certain(p). Anyways, after Amir learns that Baba lied to him for years, he says Baba and I were more alike than Id ever known. We had two betrayed the people who would have presumptuousness their lives for us (18. 7). Four peas in a pod. Quote 4But we were kids who had learned to crawl together, and no history, ethnicity, society, or religion was going to change that either. I spent most of the first twelve years of my life playing with Hassan.Sometimes, my entire childhood seems like one long lazy summer day with Hassan, chasing each other between tangles of trees in my fathers yard, playing hide-and-seek, cops and robbers, cowboys and Indians, insect torture with our crowning achievement undeniably the time we plucked the stinger off a bee and tied a string around the poor thing to yank it back every time it took flight. (4. 6) Amir lays out the opposing argument just prior to this paragraph. In it, he says ethnicity will always define a relationship.We believe Hosseini really wants us to grapple with Amirs contradictory stances Does Amirs friendship with Hassan ever get past history, ethnicity, society, and religion? Later, Amir will justify his co fightdice in the alleyway by asking himself if he really has to defend Hassan (since Hassan is a Hazara). Does Amir ever get past his prejudices? Were really not sure about this one . Hosseini devotes the entire novel to this question. Quote 5I know, he said, breaking our embrace. Inshallah, well celebrate later. Right now, Im going to hap that blue kite for you, he said.He dropped the spool and took off running, the hem of his green chapan dragging in the snow behind him. Hassan I called. Come back with it He was already turning the street corner, his rubber boots kicking up snow. He stopped, turned. He cupped his hands around his mouth. For you a thousand times all over he said. Then he smiled his Hassan smile and disappeared around the corner. The next time I saw him smile unabashedly like that was twenty-six years later, in a faded Polaroid photograph. (7. 52-54) Yet again, Hassan demonstrates his loyalty and devotion to Amir.If we were to judge Amir and Hassans friendship by work ons and not simply expressions of loyalty, the score would be pretty lopsided. (Of course, Amir saves Hassans son at the end of the book from a pathological pedophile so tha t counts for something. ) We also want to point out the irony in Hassans resolve For you a thousand times over Amir will develop a pretty nasty case of insomnia as the vice piles up inside him. Really, Amir returns to the alleyway thousands of times in his memory before he comes to peace with his cowardice.And so the phrase a thousand times over is colored with some pretty devastating irony. Yes, Hosseini is using irony again. Quote 6Assef But before you sacrifice yourself for him, think about this Would he do the same for you? Have you ever wondered why he never includes you in games when he has guests? Why he only plays with you when no one else is around? Ill tell you why, Hazara. Because to him, youre nothing but an ugly pet. Something he can play with when hes bored, something he can kick when hes angry. Dont ever fool yourself and think youre something more. Amir agha and I are friends, Hassan said. He looked flushed. Friends? Assef said, laughing. You pathetic fool Someda y youll wake up from your little fantasy and learn just how good of a friend he is. Now, bas adequate of this. Give us that kite. (7. 106-108) This is a fairly complex scene. Assef, before he assaults and rapes Hassan, asks Hassan whether he really wants to sacrifice himself for Amir. We know Amir is listening in and watch this exchange between Assef and Hassan. In a way, Assefs speech is not prophetic but descriptive Amir is abandoning Hassan right now.However, we wonder if Assefs description is inaccurate. Is Assef describing his own relationship with Hazaras or Amirs with Hassan? Sure, sometimes Amir does cruel things to Hassan, but he also reads to Hassan and spends almost all his free time with Hassan. Amir may hesitate to call Hassan his friend, but perhaps thats because neither friend nor servant really describes Hassan. Brother might do the trick, but Amir has no idea at this point. Quote 7Think of something good, Baba said in my ear. Something happy. Something good. S omething happy.I let my mind wander. I let it come Friday afternoon in Paghman. An open field of grass speckled with mulberry trees in blossom. Hassan and I stand ankle-deep in untamed grass, I am tugging on the line, the spool spinning in Hassans calloused hands, our eyes turned up to the kite in the sky. Not a word passes between us, not because we have nothing to say, but because we dont have to say anything thats how it is between people who are each others first memories, people who have fed from the same breast. A breeze stirs the grass and Hassan lets the spool roll.The kite spins, dips, steadies. Our twin shadows dance on the rippling grass. From somewhere over the low brick wall at the other end of the field, we hear chatter and laughter and the chirping of a water fountain. And music, some thing old and familiar, I think its Ya Mowlah on rubab strings. Someone calls our names over the wall, says its time for tea and cake. (10. 73-75) You need some context for this quote. Baba and Amir are on their way to Pakistan, but theyre not traveling by taxi or bus. Theyre in the belly of an oil tanker along with dozens of other Afghans.Baba tells Amir to think of something good, something happy. So what does Amir think of? His childhood with Hassan. We believe this passage proves Amirs (brotherly) love for Hassan. Notice that Amir doesnt recall a special moment with Baba, or even his books or poetry. He thinks of Hassan. Quote 8Lying awake in bed that night, I thought of Soraya Taheris sickle-shaped birthmark, her gently hooked nose, and the way her luminous eyes had fleetingly held mine. My heart stuttered at the thought of her. (11. 104) Soraya doesnt sound that hot here.From Hosseinis description, we picture the witch in Sleeping Beauty her nose is hooked like a scythe, and her eyes are glowing in a potion-induced mania. However, we do think Sorayas sickle-shaped birthmark should remind you of someone else in the book. Give up? Thats right Hassan. (Hassan has a harelip. ) Why do you think Hosseini compare these two characters through their physical features? What else do they have in common? Quote 9When we got to Kabul, I Rahim Khan discovered that Hassan had no intention of moving into the house. But all these rooms are empty, Hassan jan.No one is going to live in them, I said. But he would not. He said it was a matter of ihtiram, a matter of respect. He and Farzana drived their things into the hut in the backyard, where he was born. I pleaded for them to move into one of the guest bedrooms upstairs, but Hassan would hear nothing of it. What will Amir agha think? he said to me. What will he think when he comes back to Kabul after the war and finds that I have assumed his place in the house? Then, in mourning for your father, Hassan wore black for the next forty days. (16.24-25) You may be confused by the voice here. Its actually not Amir Rahim Khan gets one chapter in the book. Rahim Khan recounts his trip to Hazarajat to find H assan and bring him back to the house in Kabul. When Hassan does move back to the house with Rahim Khan, he refuses to live where Baba and Amir lived. Does Hassans refusal suggest that Hassan is only Amirs servant and the two never achieved an equal friendship? (Side question Does Hassan sense on some unconscious level Babas true relationship to him? Is that why he mourns Baba for forty days? )Quote 10Next to me, Sohrab was breathing rapidly through his nose. The spool rolled in his palms, the tendons in his scarred wrists like rubab strings. Then I blinked and, for just a moment, the hands holding the spool were the chipped-nailed, calloused hands of a harelipped boy. I heard a crow cawing somewhere and I looked up. The park shimmered with snow so fresh, so dazzling white, it burned my eyes. It sprinkled soundlessly from the branches of white-clad trees. I smelled turnip qurma now. Dried mulberries. Sour oranges. Sawdust and walnuts. The muffled quiet, snow-quiet, was deafening.T hen far away, across the stillness, a voice calling us home, the voice of a man who dragged his right leg. (25. 150) We think this is one of the most beautiful passages in the book. Hosseini moves effortlessly between the past and presend. Sohrab becomes Hassan, and the park in Fremont, California becomes a snow-quiet Kabul. The smells of Kabul mix with the smells of the New Year exultation in the park. Perhaps, at least in the space of this passage, Amir does find peace. America allowed Amir to escape his past for so many years but, in this moment, the two homelands merge.Ali calls Amir home, and Amir doesnt seem to mind. ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION THE KITE RUNNER REVISION - Top of Form zainboThreads 1 Posts 3 Author Zain Mehdi modify by zainbo Mar 11, 2012, 1258pm 1 The topic of the Essay is After reading the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, do you think Amir has found salvation in things hes done. If so, please explain how I wrote this essay based on the events that to ok place in the novel. Each paragraph must have a quote from the book and Ive included that.I just need to see if my essay is well written, correct grammar and other little mistakes. Please and convey you. ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION In a lifetime, everyone will face personal battles and guilt, some large and some small. Such as guilt over mouse out, not doing homework, or telling your parents a little white lie. People find peace of mind through redeeming themselves, in other words, we do something that come upons up for the cause of guilt. Khaled Hosseinis novel The Kite Runner revolves around betrayal and redemption.Redemption is the act of saying or being saved from sin, error or evil, which the main character Amir seems to need the most. Amir lives with the guilt he has built up over the years because of one incident from his childhood. Amirs fathers words still echo through his head A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up to anything. ? pg. 24 Alt hough Amir destroyed the lives of many people, and he has had more than one opportunity to redeem himself of his guilt, he is not the selfish little boy he once was. How often does one stop and think, How will this affect everyone else in my life? Amir had a chance in the alley, to put Hassan first and change the path of both their lives, but he made the decision to turn around and run because it was what he thought was best for him I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan ? the way hed stood up for me all those times in the past ? and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran. I ran because I was a coward. I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me.I was afraid of getting hurt. Thats what I told myself as I turned my back to the alley, to Hassan. Thats what I made myself believe. I actually aspired to cowardice, because the alternative, the rea l occasion I was running, was that Assef was right Nothing was free in this world. Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. ? pg. 77 Amirs selfish ways were a result of the lack of his fathers center in his life. As a young boy, he was forced to deal with his fathers disinterest in him, which made him incredibly wishful of Hassan.Amir could not understand at the time, why his father adored his servants son more than his own son. As the tension increases between Amir and Hassan, Amir can no longer stand to see Hassan everyday because of what Amir had not stopped and he could not bare seeing his father viewing Hassan love and not him. Hassan and his father are forced to leave their home after Amir places his watch under Hassans pillow and accuses him of stealing it. Hassan did not even deny the accusations because he had figured out what Amir was doing. Hassan knew.He knew I had betrayed him and yet he was rescuing me once again, maybe for the last time. ? pg. 111 Even after the alleged theft of the watch, Amirs father is willing to forgive Hassan, which stunned Amir, and made him see that the love his father has for Hassan is greater than he imagined. Amir did not just put down Hassans life he also ruined the lives of many people with his decisions after the incident in the alley. Baba baffled a chance to watch his son, Hassan, grow up and also lost the chance to bring him to America so he could start a new life.Sohrab lost both his parents to war because they were still alimentation in Afghanistan, lost his childhood to war, and tried to commit suicide as a result of Amir going back on his promise to keep him safe from orphanages. Soraya lost her right to the truth when Amir kept his past a secret even though she opened up to him about hers. It is one thing to destroy your own life with guilt, but it is a completely different issue when you destroy the lives of others. Before Amir can go on the road to redemption, Amir must realize that he cant go back and change what he has done as a child, and he must find inner peace.Although if it was not for Amirs actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassans life, does make a difference. From the moment he chose to turn his back on Hassan, there were many chances where Theres a way to be good again ? pg. 238 for all his wrongdoings, but he chose not to take any of these. Sohrab was his last and only chance for redemption. I have a married woman in America, a home, a carry offer and a family. But how could I pack up and go back home when my actions may have address Hassan a chance at those very same things?And what Rahim Khan revealed to me changed things. Made me see how my entire life, long before the winter of 1975, dating back to when that relation Hazara woman was still nursing me, had been a cycle of lies betrayals and secrets. ? pg. 238 Amir admits that he cos t Hassan a chance at a good life and that he had many opportunities to change the outcome of Hassans life. But at this moment he realized he could lose everything he has built in America, but for the first time in his life, Amir did not care about only himself, he came to terms with what he had done, and he was ready to redeem himself at any cost.Amir finally became the man who stood up for himself and his sins. Throughout his childhood, Amir looked for his fathers affection and he never could get it. His father had said Im telling you, Rahim, there is something absentminded in that boy. ? pg. 24 Amirs father would have been proud of him at this very moment because that was all he had wanted from him. The guilt that was built over the years was finally put to rest at the safety of Sohrab. In Afghanistan when Amir stood up for Sohrab and Assef aggressively beat him up, Amir had said My body was broken?just how badly I wouldnt find out until later? but I felt healed. Healed at las t. I laughed. ? pg. 289 which showed Amir had come to terms with what he had done as a child and was finally felt relieved. Although he was getting beat up, it did not matter anymore, he just wished he had stood up to Assef years ago, and maybe he would have earned his redemption in that alley. Jennyflower81Threads Posts 884 Author Jennifer Reeves 85 Mar 11, 2012, 0217pm 2 Such as guilt over sneaking out, not doing homework, or telling your parents a little white lie. Not a full sentence.You could start this sentence with Guilt can motif from People find peace of mind when they redeem themselves, in other words, they do something that makes up for the cause of their guilt. Amir had a chance in the alley, to put Hassan first and change the path of both their lives, but he made the decision to turn around and run because it was what he thought was best for him I would break up this sentence into 2 sentences, because it is a bit too long, it would be easier to read if it was in 2 shorter sentences. Amirs selfish ways resulted from the lack of his fathers affection in his life.At the time, Amir could not understand why his father adored his servants son more than his own son. As the tension increases between Amir and Hassan, Amir can no longer stand to see Hassan everyday because of what Amir had not stopped and he could not bare seeing his father showing Hassan love and not him. Right here, you begin writing in present tense, when the beginning of the essay is written in past tense, be sure to stay consistent with this, it makes your paper easier to read that way. zainboThreads 1 Posts 3 Author Zain Mehdi Thank you, any more updates? Jennyflower81Threads Posts 884 Author Jennifer Reeves 85 Mar 11, 2012, 0504pm 4 Amir did not just ruin Hassans life he also ruined the lives of many people with his decisions after the incident in the alley Can you be more specific about how exactly did he ruin Hassans life? This is kinda vague. Another example of a lif e ruined is that of Soraya- you say Soraya lost her right to the truth when Amir kept his past a secret even though she opened up to him about hers I dont know if this is her life being ruined, although she was wronged.How did this ruin her life? Clarify this. but it is a completely different problem when you destroy the lives of others. Although if it was not for Amirs actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassans life, does make a difference. This sentence is long and confusing, I would make it into 2 shorter sentences. Amir admits that he cost Hassan the chance at a good life and that he had many opportunities to change the outcome of Hassans life.At this moment, he realizes he could lose everything he has built in America, but for the first time in his life, Amir did not only care about himself, he came to terms with what he had done, and he was ready to redeem himself at any cost. chalumeau ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION? During their lifetime, most people face guilt some appropriate some inappropriate. Redemption is a way that makes up for the cause of the guilt. In Khaled Hosseinis novel, The Kite Runner, the theme revolves around betrayal and redemption. I looked up the word redemption in The Kite Runner p. 65, All I saw was the blue kite.All I smelled was victory. Salvation. Redemption. If Baba was wrong and there was a beau ideal like they said in school, then Hed let me win. I didnt know what the other guy was playing for, maybe just bragging rights. Important quote. p 231, And from this one last chance at redemption. What is going on here? My body was broken? just how badly I wouldnt find out until later? but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. ? pg. 289 Good quote you found. Salvation is when God saves you. Redemption may be part of salvation, but redemption also has a place separate from the Divine.After doing a wrong, a person may be redeemed by perform ing some act, or saying something, or fighting for (or against) someone. You know how they say, beauty is in the eye of the beholder? Redemption is in the eye of the wronged party. Its why you hear phrases such(prenominal) as, redeemed in her eyes. You cant be redeemed without permission. Hopefully, the wronged party accuses the right person, and the right person knows what wrong was committed. Otherwise, you have a very confusing place for all parties. One that cannot be redeemed. Ever. Try writing your essay again with the theme of redemption as the main focus.Try to answer these questions 1) What wrongs were committed? fleece the best 3 wrongs he committed. You partially explained these. 2) What does Amir think about redemption? Why does he seek it? Usually a person feels badly about something, or the other party is making his life miserable enough to cause him to cry, ___ 3) What action or words support him receiving redemption? 4) What action or words deny him redemption? 5) At the end is he redeemed? In the eyes of the wronged party? Did the wronged party (parties) know the truth that the reader knows? Does he feel redeemed?Did he know the same truth as everyone else? For the record, Ive never read The Kite Runner. I dont have a simulate of the novel either. I wanted to try to help you focus and organize your essay. Ive written many A-essays over the years. zainboThreads 1 Posts 3 Author Zain Mehdi Mar 12, 2012, 0837pm 6 thanks, ill try to work on it Essay Forum / Literature Review / Unanswered this forum / Featured / Similar Bottom of Form Similar discussions * lolly Supplement. Kite Runner * The Kite Runner A Marxist Perspective * The Kite Runner Thesis Statement* HELP Kite Runner Essay on Father/Son relationship * Persuasive essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini + The Devil in the White City * The redemption of Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities * Run after the kite common app essay * UC Essay I am a runner, cutting off and cro ss-country * Developing Runners Mindset Common App Essay for Stanford * Morality and Responsibility essay (connection between Frankenstein and Blade runner) Random MSW Essay on Parent Advocacy- peasant Protective Services The secretion theme in The Kite Runner helps explain? DiscriminationThe Kite Runner tackles the issue of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan with an example of the relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras. Babas father sets an example for him of being kind to Hazara people, even though they are historically demeaned and persecuted. He could have easily sent Ali to an orphanage after his parents death, but chose to raise him in his household. Baba does the same with Hassan, although this is complicated by the fact that Hassan is actually his son. Even in Babas house, the house of best intentions, the word form barrier between the Pashtuns and Hazaras endures.Ali is as dear to Baba as a brother he calls him family. But Ali still lives in a hut and sleeps on a mattress on the floor. He tends the garden, cooks, and cleans up after Baba, and raises Hassan to do the same. So strong is Hassans identity as a servant that even as an adult, when Baba is gone, he has no sense of entitlement. He insists on staying in the hut and doing housework. When Hassan dies defending Babas house, he does so not because he feels it belongs to him, but because he is being loyal to Baba and Amir.In Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, discrimination is everywhere and nowhere at the same time. On the one hand, the Taliban do not seem to care whom they are beating, torturing, or executing. Children like Sohrab and grandmothers like Sanaubar are all susceptible to the Talibans cruelty. In this way, the Talibs discriminate against everyone but themselves. As Amir notices, Assef forces Sohrab to dance to music for his enjoyment dancing and listening to music have long been banned. Amir thinks, I guessed music wasnt sinful as long as it played to Taliban ears. On another l evel, the Taliban discriminate specifically against the Hazara people. They massacre the Hazaras not only in Mazar-i-Sharif, but in the region of Hazarajat and nearly anywhere else they can find them. Assef and his fellows do not see the Hazaras lives as worthwhile they only see them as human. Assef tells Amir, Afghanistan is like a beautiful mansion littered with garbage, and someone has to take out the garbage. Like his idol, Hitler, he feels entitled to killing those he deems unworthy of living in his land.He even relishes the term ethnic cleansing because it goes so well with his garbage metaphor. Hosseini has mentioned in interviews that his focus on discrimination in The Kite Runner angers some Afghans, who feel it is inappropriate. Like Baba, many people do not mention the Hazaras history of persecution. Perhaps these people are so uncomfortable with this topic because by having Assef appear in pre-Taliban times and emerge as a leading Talib, Hosseini shows that the Taliban s persecution of the Hazaras and other Shiites is not new, but a greatly intensified outgrowth of long-held discrimination.In The Kite Runner friendship is a recurring theme, particularly in terms of how friendship is experienced between different social classes and castes. This is explored in the relationships between Baba and Amir who are Pashtun and Ali and Hassan who are Hazara. A central issue in the novel is how friendship is experienced, understood and expressed between social unequals when they have been pushed together by circumstances (Babas fathers adoption of Ali meant he and Baba grew up from boyhood together, followed by Amir and Hassan communion their entire childhoods in the same house, despite their very different status within the household.) Amir constantly reflects on the question of friendship But in none of his stories did Baba ever refer to Ali as his friend. The curious thing was, I never thought of Hassan and me as friends either. Not in the usual sense l eastwiseBecause history isnt easy to overcome. Neither is religion. In the end, I was a Pashtun and he was a Hazara, I was Sunni and he was Shia and nothing was ever going to change that. Nothing. When questioned by Assef about his friendship with a Hazara Amir admits But hes not my friend I almost blurted. Hes my servant Had I really thought that? Of course I hadnt. I hadnt. I treated Hassan well, just like a friend, better even, more like a brother. Hassan regards Amir as his friend and shows it by his unfailing loyalty which is indicative of his awareness of the unequal power in the relationship. Amir is bothered by Hassans unfailing loyalty and self

Elasticity Paper Essay Example for Free

Elasticity Paper EssayIntroductionA consumer walking through the grocery store figure on purchasing the necessary ingredients for a peanut cover and jelly sandwich notices the prices for all spots of peanut butter are higher than expected. Will this consumer spot to not purchase peanut butter and buy bread and jelly only? By raising the price of peanut butter the retailer risks exchange less bread and jelly in addition to reduced peanut butter sales. If the same consumer went to another grocery store and found only 1 brand of peanut butter priced higher than the others, the elasticity principle of substitution leave behind apply. The consumer will pick a different brand of peanut butter and follow his original plan to purchase bread and jelly.Complementary ProductsComplementary outputs are, tidys used in conjunction with other goods (Colander, 2013, pg.136). The law of elasticity in copulation to complementary products shows that when the price of a product increases o r decreases it will have an impact on the demand for complementary products, in this case resulting in disappoint sales of those products. In the example above the desired meal is a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. The elasticity in the price of peanut butter will force the consumer to spend more money and buy the peanut butter with its complementary products of jelly and bread. If the elasticity of the price increase is too spacious for the consumer and the consumer chooses to purchase tuna fish, jelly manufacturers will see reduced sales. Manufacturers and retailers must understand the relationship between their products and the complementary products of their product. Another example of complementary products is an ink jet printer and the ink cartridges (Living Economics, 2013). The law of demand states that when the price of an inkjet printer falls, then the quantity demanded will rise.When consumers purchasemore printers, then more ink will be purchased. On the other hand, w hen the price of the printer increases, quantity demanded will decrease leading to fewer printer purchases, also leading to a reduction in ink cartridge purchases. In both instances when prices increase consumers will look for substitute products.Substitute ProductsDemand for a substitute product is determined by timeframe, the degree of luxury, and the importance on ones budget (Colander, 2013, pg. 130). A substitute is a good with a positive cross elasticity of demand. In practice, this means that its demand will increase when another products price increases. For example, Coke and Pepsi represent major rivals, and when Coke introduces a price increase, the need and demand for Pepsi will increase. Consumers will substitute when one product in emulation with another chooses to increase their price, as shoppers typically choose the lower price. The more substitutes a good has, the more elastic is its demand (Colander, 2013, pg. 131). Some consumers will agree that generic store bra nd products easily replace more expensive name brand products. When the prices for name brand products rise, consumers will switch to the generic brands in order to save money. The demand for the name brand products is very elastic at that point. deductionCross-price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in demand divided by the percentage change in the price of a related good (Colander, 2013, pg. 136). The result of positive cross-price elasticity is represented by goods consumers substitute when their desired product is too expensive. Consumers will find substitutes for most products, and competition is a good thing for consumers. When the result of cross-positive elasticity is negative, complementary products will see a decrease in demand for those products.ReferenceColander, D. C. (2013). Microeconomics (9th ed.). New York, NY McGraw- cumulation/Irwin. Living Economics, (2013). Complements and substitutes. Retrieved from http//livingeconomics.org/article.asp? docId=289

A real estate investment trust

A real the three estates investiture pedigrees trustChapter 1 intromission1.1 IntroductionA Real domain Investment Trust (REIT) is a mode of in adopt investment which buys, sells, develops and manages blank space investments. REITs have an proceeds in that they experience gains from accredited revenue enhancement rules. Before REITs were introduced in the UK in 2007 listed piazza companies suffered from double taxation, with corporation and investors tax world paid on their dividends. With direct property investment at that place was only one taxation charge on rental income. In order to alleviate this problem the REIT social expression was adopted in the UK, by reservation companies exempt if they met certain requirements.The birth of the REIT structure came from the United States and dates back as far as the 1880s. Originally they were simple modes of investment were it enabled investors to avoid double taxation by distributing their income to beneficiaries. In this essence they have not changed however are more heavily regulated than these early days. Although this tax advantage was ended in the US for a period they quickly re-emerged in 1960s, were their structure has been developed since. Certain changes such as allowing pension funds investment coming has cut the mode of investment sore.Although REITs offer advantages of taxation it also has numerous benefits over direct property investment vehicles. The heterogeneity of property can lead to incertitude about its marketplace value which can be compounded by thin trading in some locations with a lack of transparent information on transaction prices also. Thin trading can lead to delays in the sale and slow legal transfer process. These disadvantages of direct property create the authorization for illiquidity and prevent fund managers from actively managing their portfolios. Property also has eminenter management and transaction costs than the paper asset quality of REITs which can b e exchange in smaller divisible units. Direct property is lumpy in that only the adultst financial institutions can afford to buy in any large volume. REITs have the benefit of being a paper asset tradable on major exchanges with their dividend linked to the income from property. Information for REITs are freely available and regulated by accounting policies. REITs also have the benefit of the opportunity for investors to diversify risk in their portfolio. This has the benefits of property but without the difficulties linked to direct property investments.In the REIT structure in that location are 3 different types of REITs generally on offer. Equity REITs offer investment trusts where greater than 75% of assets are in the form of direct ownership of income producing properties. These are the most popular form of REIT. Mortgage REITs however deal in the ownership and investment of property mortgages, they loan money to owners of property or invest in active mortgages or mortgage securities. These are debt instruments were income is generated from the interest they earn on the mortgage loans. A Hybrid REITs combine some(prenominal) equity and debt instrument.Although REITs appear to offer many a(prenominal) advantages in comparison to direct property investment their history in UK since their instigation in the UK has been greatly chequer with the global economic downturn having effected fund values greatly.Source- REITa.org1.2 PropositionThe proposition for this paper isInvestor confidence in the UK-REIT has been permanently affected by the quantify of their introduction to the UK during the receding.1.3 Aims and ObjectivesIndirect investment in property has been a steadily growing mode of investment in the UK over the previous years. With Real Estate Investment Trusts being introduced to the UK in 2007 my overall investigate aims to show the effects recent years have had on investor confidence in UK-REITs performance as an indirect investment mode in portfolios. In order to meet this aim a number of objectives are assembled. These areTo guess at how the recession has affected investment in property as a whole.To compare how direct and indirect investment in property have performed in the UK during the recession.To establish whether there is an inherent problem with the structure of UKREITs or has the recession been the main driver for their underperformance.To interview a mixture of fund managers, property investors and general property professionals in order to support theoretical findings of the poor performance of UK-REITs since their introduction and establish any other underlying factors in the UK-REIT system.1.4 Scope of StudyThis question initially involves an overview of the structure of the UK-REIT and its performance history since January 2007. The scope of the study is then further narrowed down, with emphasis on why the UK-REIT has performed poorly supported by interviews to indicate investors views of the futur e performance of UK-REITs.1.5 Structure of StudyChapter one IntroductionIntroduces the field of this study and states the hypothesis that will be investigated. The chapter also sets out the aims and objectives of the harangue to understand the history of REIT performance within the UK and ascertain if investor confidence has been permanently affected by the recession and concludes with a brief discussion of the methods used.Chapter two investigate methodological analysisStates the research methodology utilised to carry out this study. It whole steps at the various types of research and selective information that will be employed and how these findings will be analysed.Chapter 3 Literature ReviewThis shall look at the generic rudiments of the UK structure of the REIT in order to establish that the UK-REIT structure is not flawed. It will look at the theoretical determinants of the performance the UK-REIT.Chapter 4Chapter 5Chapter 6Conclusionwill look at the mention findings of t he study.ConclusionChapter 2 question Methodology2.1 IntroductionThe purpose of all research is fundamentally the same and is defined by seeking through methodical processes to add to ones own body of knowledge and hopefully, to that of others, by the discovery of non trivial facts and insights. Sharp and Howard (1996)This chapter shall detail the methods to be tooled during the course of this study. It shall include a brief outline of different methods used inessential data and primary data along with quantitative and qualitative data. It shall show the process with which the research shall follow, along with its limitations and finally an explanation of how the results can be analysed.2.2 Types of Research MethodsThe different types of research methods used during this study shall be described below.2.21 Secondary ResearchSecondary research involves the summary, collation and or synthesis of existing research. For my sermon I shall look at a number of sources of secondary res earch in order to better inform my primary research. I shall use existing academic research on REITs from journals, in order to source such material from the Library catalogue. Textbooks shall provide another academic background to the subject. Articles from publications such as the Financial Times shall provide current views of property professionals. Search engines such as www.google.com and the Google scholar service shall provide further material for this paper. Historic data on the performance of REITs can be sourced from such bodies as the IPD and REITA.org. This quantitative data shall be statistically analysed.Academic integrity of sources shall have to be taken into consideration when reviewing secondary sources. Academic journals have the Newton metaphor of standing on the shoulders of giants in that their material has been reviewed intensively by other academics before being print. However other material may not have such integrity in their views. For example articles a re only one persons view story on a subject and thus may not be entirely correct.2.22 Primary ResearchPrimary research involves the collection of data that does not already exist. My dissertation shall look to conduct primary research through semi- structured interviews with a mixture of fund managers, property investors and general property professionals. This research shall be in the form of a questionnaire emailed to the individual. The results of which shall be treated ethically following the research ethics guiding principle outlined by oratory Guide. ThisChapter 3 Literature Review3.1 IntroductionThis Chapter shall aim to look into the work of previous academics on REITs. Firstly we shall look at depth the generic fundamentals of the UK structure of the REIT in order to establish that the UK-REIT structure is not flawed. Secondly it will look at the place of REITs in a modern portfolio, REITs as an inflation hedge, information transfer between direct and indirect property an d REIT sensitivity.3.2 The UK structure of the REITThe introduction of REITs in the UK has been long in the making and regarded by many as long overdue. The 2003 Pre-budget report announced that in line with the interim recommendations of the Barker review, the government has concluded that reform to the tax treatment of property investment would improve liquidity, foil and scrutiny, provide access to property for long-term savings and could expand the private rented sector This was the beginnings of the process that concluded with the introduction of Real estate investment trusts in January 2007.In order to establish a Real Estate Investment Trust structure in the UK the HM Treasury published the Paper Promoting more flexible investment in property a consultation in 2004. The purpose of this paper was to look at the possibilities of REITs in the UK and to look at successful structures which had been implemented in other countries. By looking at these other structures HM Treasury c oncluded that REIT structures which I had been successfully implement elsewhere were close-ended, publicly listed and internally manage. The Paper also outlined the requirement to distribute a high take aim of the income to investors, combined with restrictions on debt gearing and training activity permitted. In order for Real Estate Investment Trusts to be instigated in the UK the Government through this paper set out four key objectives for reformImproving the quality and quantity of finance for investment in commercial and residential property.Expanding access to a wider range of savings products on a stable and well regulated basis.Protecting all taxpayers by ensuring a fair level of tax is paid by the property sector.Supporting the geomorphological change in property markets to reduce costs and improve flexibility and quality for tenants.HM Treasury 20043.21 UK Structural FeaturesThe paper (HM Treasury, 2004) also outlined structural features that would be vital to the desi gn of any proposed property investment fund for the UK.Firstly one of the primary objectives for introducing a REIT structure to the UK would be to be listed on the stock exchange. This would expand the opportunity for small investors to invest in a wider range of property. It would also ensure fairness restricting private companies taking advantage of the tax arrangement without delivering some of the wider public benefits. The paper also outlines further benefits to being lists on the stock exchange ensuring a wide investor base and encourages access to the retail investor. The listed property structure also determines frequent market scrutiny with the regulation structure already place in the stock market ensuring transparency for the investor, whilst also increasing liquidity of the asset type. Another potential advantage would be that the fund might trade closer to its net asset value, which would prevail it easier to raise new capital on the market.A second key structural fea ture of the UK-REIT was to establish if a close-ended or open ended fund structure would be more suitable. An open ended structure could mean that the scheme may have to liquidate asset quickly, at a fourth dimension which might not be appropriate for the market leading to instability. The nature of property as an illiquid asset and with the requirement of some degree of liquidity to be present in the portfolio causes difficulties in the open ended structure. With the close-ended structure the UK-REIT these difficulties do not arise. If an investor wishes to withdraw an investment they may simply sell shares, where the price reflects market equilibrium for the share.Thirdly in this early stage of the looking at the possible UK-REIT structure it was decided that there would be a high level of income distribution to investors. This was to ensure that that investors had good returns. However the exact distribution percentage needed to be designed to reflect conditions specific to the UK in order to for there to be sufficient cash to maintain properties in the portfolio.The report also looked at the levels of borrowing that the property investment fund should be allowed. If there was high borrowing allowed then this would imply high debt service costs, reducing the level of income to investors, perhaps also changing the balance from an income return based investment to a capital value return. With high borrowing, then the structure may resemble that of an ordinary property company.The report also looks at concern over the teaching activity in the UK structure. The government had two objectives for this firstly to encourage greater renewal within the property industry, to develop new commercial and residential property. too secondly to ensure that the property sector contributes its share of tax, with high levels of income and capital being distributed to investors. With the high distribution costs and borrowing restrictions it was decided that the fund should n ot be a vehicle which newly developed property would be sold and managed.In December 2006 HM Revenues and Customs published their pre budget report, outlining the UK- REIT structure that would be implemented in January 2007.90% of the income from the tax exempt business is to be distributed to shareholders within 12 months of the end of the accounting period.The company must not be controlled by five or fewer shareholders.Shares must be recognised on a recognised stock exchangeAn entry consign of 2% of the market value of their investment properties is chargeable at the date of conversion75% or more of its assets must take the form of investment property and 75% or more of its income must be rental income.The company must not borrow money on terms that are linked to its profits.Distributions of UK-REITs tax exempt income are treated as income from property.Where a UK-REIT carries on a joint venture, the activities of the joint venture company can be taken into account in deciding i f the UK-REIT meets the regime conditions.Restrictions on gearing profits must cover interest payments by at least 1.25times failing this the company will pay corporation tax.3.3 REITs place in a PortfolioThe place of REITs in a portfolio has been the subject of much debate. Chiang et al. (2002) conducted research into the place of REITs in a contemporary portfolio. It states that the business of investment management is a decentralised, top-down one in which practitioners must estimate the optimal asset kinsfolk mix. whence fund managers must have an understanding of what exactly Real Estate Investment Trusts are at the macro level, in order to be sound in optimising and diversifying their portfolios. If an investment manager was able to mimic the returns of REITs, the less understood REIT would be likely to be operationally redundant. However if the price behaviour of REITs is odd then including REITs into portfolios would be essential and beneficial to practitioners, as their portfolios are further diversified at the macro level. The Chiang et al paper is motivated to provide exhibit regarding the benefits of diversification from including REITs in multi asset portfolios without or combined with unsecuritised real estate.Liang and McIntosh (1998) however include a more complete set of asset classes over a longer period of time in order to derive more conclusive results. The research concluded that REITs are a unique asset class which cannot be mimicked at the macro level by investing in other asset classes. The paper also investigated that styles of REITs can change over time, while the returns remained unique throughout the sample period.However in a study by Glasgock et al.(2000) claims that previous research only looked at linear relationships and without acknowledging the long channelise economic effects that may occur. In their study they used integration analysis to examine long term economic relationships among REITs and other markets.Need mor e about real estate versus stocks

Customer Oriented E-Commerce Website

Customer Oriented E-Commerce WebsiteTask 1 As a IT Project Manager along with marketing officer you should visit a social club XYZ to propose them to divert all the activities into IT based. Your proposal of marriage report should be SMART and must be follow the pursuance criteria* It should identify the regard scope, functionality and consumption resources.* Your proposal should clearly mention the send objective, goal, outcome and time frame.The key Objective of our cast off is that it is a guest oriented e-commerce website. People can directly leverage without wasting the time. In todays hasty world time is a prime factor. People can directly buy Tshirt stuffs and other clothings with the help of our e-commerce portal. This is completely customer based or we can say B2C i.e, Business to Customer. The latest fashion arrival is available on our website with cheaper prices.GOAL The Goal of our bulge out is to bring about an online e-commerce advantage which is specialised i n Tshirt accessories with todays fashion world. We have our own house and some business tie ups with vendors to sell the t-shirt apparels.Phase-2 (Project Planning).Assume that you beat this project. IT Manager and Marketing Officer make a plan how the project will complete.Being the project manager (Simran) I have assigned the work to my dedicated multitude. My team members (Simran, vipul, Amrit, sukhwinder, Rajwinder). Our complete project will be done by the every members effort. The projections are divided as per the time frame. During the first week of the project we create a complete layout for the project requirements. The pattern phase will then be conducted during the second week, In design phase we will create twain phases one is customer oriented. Customers can view the products and can purchase online. The second phase of design is accessible by the owner of the site. The owner can alter the products, set the prices and as well remove the products or we can say a ny update he can perform via backend operations. The most important phase i.e., information based will be conducted on the third week. The php my admin will be used for this because of its greater flexibility and availability of code m is easier with this. The connectivity will be done in the next session of the week. Therefore, database connectivity will be done in the 4th week. The fifth week will be of our group collision in which we will thoroughly revised the project between us and discuss with each and every group member. So that we can get to acknowledge any pitfall (if it occurs). Thus the feasibility of our project can be obtained. The sixth week is our submission time domain to our client. We will discuss the project with our client .TASK 2(LO 1)2.1 execute a project description (project description should be distinguish between course of instruction, sub project and project. Your proposal of the project should be identifies the following criteria2.2 Analysis of the p roject function which include dependencies, IT resources, manpower, time consumption and total comprise.The analysis of our project with respect to dependencies, IT resources, manpower, time consumption and total cost can be defined as belowDependencies The project is designed in html, php, css style. The database is stored in XAMPP.IT resources local host , 4 laptopsManpower There is a vital role of our entire team behind this project. Contribution of each and every person is reliable and there is manpower of five people is utilize for this project. I would like to mention the name of our team members who contributes towards the success of this project.The resource people are Simran, Vipul, Amrit, Sukhwinder, Rajwinder .Time consumption The total time consumed for the development of this project is almost 6 weeks.Per week three days are contributed. Each day consist of 8 hours.Total Cost The total investment for this project is NZD50002.3 Develop a Gantt Chart that must include the following informationTask number and task nameTime frames for the completion of each task (start and end dates)Float time to mention the time delay probability between each taskAdd milestoneSuccessor and predecessor(dependencies)Gantt Chart subtitle2.4 Analysis the risk factor and contingency plan to avoid the risk during project period.The risk factor for this project may be the hardware get crashed, software product program may be get corrupted.Lost of data and other important files, People involved in this project may be insulation due to their personal issues or may be due to any other reason. The total budget for be project may be detained if investors meter back.The contingency plan to avoid the risk during project period areFor Hardware crash issue, we will con emplacementr the additional laptops and other machine. To avoid the software corruption we will use the valid and updated versions of softwares.2.5 Distribute role and responsibilities among the group member an d set the milestone. Use the Waterfall Model (Requirement Analysis, Design, Programming source code, Testing, Documentation) from software development life cycle to categories your taskPhase-3 (Manage the project)You should Team leader of your group will be responsible for manage the project.TASK-3 (LO 5,2,3)3.1 Develop your project according to the plan.The project is developed according to the plan.The Plan of our project is discussed as followsOur project is about the E-Commerce website. We are creating a web portal for E-Commerce. Our client business is related to the garments that change with T-shirts and shirts. Our project is completely based upon the requirements of our client. We are creating a online E-Commerce website for this. To wager the challenges of todays scenario of dynamic websites. Our team decided to make this project in HTML, PHP is used for the backend server side programming as its of dynamic nature. We also use local host. And for database we are using PHP MyAdmin.3.2 Analysis the project status, milestone and project progress rate.3.3 Make a plan against the project progress and project plan (if any).The project plan is carried out so that each and every aspect of the project could be break out out. The strategies are quite simple and up to the point. During the first day we make a pen and paper layout as per the requirements of our client.Then we transformed this into the designing structure. The website design was carried out . We used html, CSS, PHP for backend. The database is designed by using PhpMy Admin. This was done in the 2nd and 3rd week.After this , we implement the design into the running platform and also provide the useful structural approach for this.The next phase of verification of code was conducted. In this phase each code is run separately and tested accordingly.3.4 Analysis the risk (manpower, resources) and make a project plan so that project can meet the timeframe.The risk factors that affect our project can be resources related and manpower related. The people engaged in the project, they may leave the project due to any reason (it might be their personal etc.)The resources related issue can be caused if any failure may occur that may be related to hardware failure or software failure.Phase- 4 (Test and Review the final project)TASK- 4(LO7) You need to keep records of day to day activity of your project. You will harbor a separate journal in which you will arrive these daily activities. These activities will range from non-technical to technical activities. The journal will be maintained on an individual basis.4.1 Use a Microsoft office software (world/excel) to maintain your journal. Put data and name of the day each separate entry.4.2 You have to keep a record of the Minutes of Meeting which you have held with your client. Use the following format to record the minutes of all meetingsProject NameProject ManagerTeam Members AttendedClients AttendedDate and TimeMinutes4.3 Create a Us er Manual document to support your project. This is a separate document. This document will help your client on critical factors, how to use the program and quality of the program. It is necessary to include the following items to complete your user manuala) User manual cover sheetb) Table of contentsc) Introductiond) carcass requirements/specificationse) List of available functionsf) Description of each function detailing the purpose with screen shot and how to use these functions.g) Frequently asked questions (FAQ)h) Index and key speech (Glossary)4.4 (LO6 and LO7)Prepare a group presentation to demonstrate your project to your client. This will help u=your client to review and propose changes accordingly. Note these proposals as you will making changes to your project later this presentation. Your presentation must cover the following topicsa) Group members introductionb) Project Introductionc) Functions demonstrationd) Question and Answerse) ConclusionEach of your group member s will be judged for their professional behaviour and actions during the presentation as well as the whole project. You will be judged for.Meeting and greetingYou will be judged on how you meet and greet people related to the project. This will also include your group members. Adopt words like Please and Thank you in your conversation. Avoid words that may be offensive to other people.Appearance Appearance is an important aspect of this project. You will be assessed on your overall appearance (Avoid casual dressing). nub contact Maintain eye contact at all times while delivering your presentation.Organization You will be appraised on the contribution you have made towards your project. You must always be well prepared and know the progress of your project. Your attendance and punctuality will be a key aspect for this project. dust languageYour gestures and postures while delivering the presentation will be evaluated.

Concept Analysis Patient Advocacy Nursing Essay

Concept Analysis Patient Advocacy Nursing EssayThe purpose of this sentiment analysis is to identify, focus, and subdue how diligent advocacy is perceived by professional nurses in the nursing community. This paper will follow the Walker and Advant (2011) method of concept analysis to identify the concept of enduring advocacy from existing literature with the aim to analyze and provide clarity and direction for enhancement of advocacy in nursing. Further, steps will accept the process of identifying attributes of the concept, describing both model efforts selected, identifying antecedents and consequences visualizeing the concept, and lastly, identifying examples of empirical referents of the concept (Walker Avant, 2011). Identification of Concept and Aim of AnalysisPatients often have an inadequate knowledge of illness and medicine, heretofore they desire more control over their personal healthc ar. In m each healthassist settings, enduring care is unpredictable and uncomplainings right to self-determine and quality-of-life has a tendency to be ignored (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Advocacy is understood as the act of pleading for, brooking, or recommending (Websters Online Dictionary, n.d.). Moreover, the concept most often noted in literature as a component of nursing advocacy involves acting on behalf of patients, including nurses activitiesof speaking, fighting, and standing up for their patients (Hanks, 2007). Nurses are in a unique position to support their patients interests in the re-establishment of health and well-being through patient advocacy. However, due to the limited number of quantitative empirical studies of patient advocacy in nursing, the definition of patient advocacy is not consistent, and many nurses have a limited view of what patient advocacy is and how to perform the challenging task of protecting and supporting patients rights. (Bu Jezewski, 2006). The aim of this analysis is to clarify, delineate, and refine the conc ept of patient advocacy in order to expand understanding of this concept in nursing practice.Defining AttributesAc electric cording to much of the literature, define attributes of patient advocacy involves a series of specific actions by nurses to protect, represent, and safeguard the patients rights, best interests, and values within the healthcare system (Bu Jezewski, 2006). As well, safeguarding patients autonomy, acting on behalf of patients, and reason social justice in the delivery of health care are all core attributes of patient-care advocacy (Bu Jezewski, 2006). The title of patient supporter and patient interpreter is also used often in research literature to describe the role of the nurse barrack (Hank, 2007). These attributes place patients at the centerof the of the healthcare system, emphasise patients legal rights and well-being, and nurses humanity, kindness, and fairness in the delivery of health care (Bu Jezewski, 2006).Cases of Patient AdvocacyCases of patient advocacy can be examples of several main factors that define and challenge the attributes that facilitate or hinder nurses as patient advocates. A model case is defined as an example of the use of the concept that demonstrates all the defining attributes of the concept (Walker Avant, 2011, p. 163). In addition to the model case exemplar, the attributes of patient advocacy will be defined and challenged through case examples of borderline, related, and contrary cases. form CaseAn example of a model case for patient advocacy involves a Registered Nurse who has been working as the accusal nurse of a fussy Emergency Department for 15 years. P.B. has just come on shift, when an air emergency vehicle lands on the helipad with a 22-year-old, male, impairment patient. The paramedic reports that the patient was affect in a two vehicle head-on collision, the patient was ejected from the vehicle, and that there is a possibility of a spinal cord injury. Immediately, the trauma team attends to any life-threatening injuries, while P.B. quietly and efficiently attends to the patients emotional and safety of necessity. She quickly determines that the patient would like his mother contactedonly, that he would like to know the extent of his injuries, and that he suffering a considerable amount of pain. After the patients primary care is complete, P.B. explains spinal shock to the patient, allows the previously-contacted mother to enter the Emergency Department, and carefully reviews the plan-of-care with both the patient and the mother. She then offers to contact further family as needed, and presents herself available for any further questions. Further, after administering coherent pain medications, P.B. is very astute with timed, follow-up, assessments regarding effective pain control. The in a higher place nurse demonstrates the core attributes necessary when a nurse is successful in the role as patient advocate. The nurse acted as a patient shielder from pain and fear, representing and safeguarding the patients rights and autonomy through contacting the appropriate family members, and addressing the patients pain with medication and personal reassessment of patients pain control. As well, the nurse showed kindness, fairness, and humility with congruity of care by personally providing the patient and the patients family with compassion and education regarding the patients injury and treatment.Borderline CaseAn example of a borderline case regarding the role of a nurse as a patient-advocator would involve the same scenario, but slightly different reactions from the to a higher place charge nurse. As the helicopter lands and the patients life-threatening injuries are attended to by the trauma team, P.B. offers to contact the family members of the patient. The patient asks that only his mother be notified, that he is acrophobic, and that he is in tremendous pain. P.B. quickly reassures the patient that she will contact his mo ther, that being afraid is natural, and that as soon as she is given the order, she will provide the patient pain medicine. When the patients mother arrives in the Emergency Department, P.B. explains the nature of the patients injuries, assures the mother that her son is vent to be fine, and then leaves the two alone to discuss their options for care.The above example represents a borderline case due to the mid-range of appropriate reactions by the nurse be the needs of a patient. The patients autonomy, privacy, and rights were safeguarded when the nurse contacted the appropriate family members. However, the nurse did not demonstrate effective fairness when assuring the patient and the patients mother that everything would be fine with regard to the patients injuries. Further, the nurse did not display kindness and compassion when leaving the patient and his mother alone without first determining that their educational and emotional needs were met. link CaseAn example of a rel ated case using the previous scenario involves a variance in the actions of thecharge nurse. P.B has just begun her role as charge nurse on the night shift in the Emergency Department. One of the trauma nurses has called in sick, and she is now required to provide care as a nurse on the trauma team as well as fulfill the role as charge nurse. Shortly after her shift begins, a 24-year-old, male, trauma victim arrives via air transport, and P.B. realizes that she will have to be the primary nurse on this patients case. The patient is quickly stabilized, but a spinal cord injury with possible paralysis is soon diagnosed by the trauma physician. The patient is very frightened, in pain, and requests that P.B. phone his mother. P.B. calmly assures the patient that she will contact his mother, administers ordered pain medication, and then assures the patient that she will return to check on him shortly. However, due to P.B.s charge nurse status, she is needed in another trauma case a nd the 24-year-old trauma victim is replaced by another trauma nurse.This case appears to demonstrate the concept of patient advocacy. However, when examined closely, the trauma patient may have felt that P.B. did not provide kindness, compassion, and congruity of care when failing to return to his bedside after stating that she would. Unknown to the patient, P.B.s responsibilities as a charge nurse kept her busy for the rest of the shift, and in fact, P.B. explained the transfer of nursing care to thepatients mother. However, the patients mother left the department while the patient was asleep, and no explanation was ever made to effectively relieve the patients pinch of desertion. This exemplar may simply be a demonstration of a nurse who is very busy with patient care rather than the absence of patient advocacy.Contrary CaseUsing the scenario provided above, the contrary case example involves P.B. as she has just arrived to work as the Emergency Department charge nurse for th e eventide shift. A trauma victim has been transported into the emergency bay, and he is suffering paralysis due to a spinal cord injury. The victim is 24-year-old male, appears extremely frightened, and is in pain. As the charge nurse, P.B. does not typically have individual patients assigned to her, and this is no exception. However, the nurse assigned to the patient asks P.B. to contact the patients mother and to stay with the patient until his trouble and pain have lessened. P.B. calls the number provided on the patients chart, and asks the patients father to immediately come to the Emergency Department, relaying that he should contact the victims mother as well. Following the phone call, P.B. be with the patient for a short time, but does not provide any comfort measures instead, P.B. frequently leaves the patients bedside, avoids speaking with patient, and denies any knowledge of his condition when askedfor updates by the patient.The above nurse does not demonstrate t he core attributes identified when a nurse is successful in the role of patient advocate. The nurse fails to act as a patient protector from fear or to represent and safeguard the patients rights and autonomy through contacting the inappropriate family member. Further, the nurse does not attempt to exude kindness, humanity, or supporter-of-patients needs by frequently leaving his bedside and failing to offer reassurance or education regarding the patients injuries. This is clearly not the concept of a patient advocate role.Identification of AntecedentsAntecedents are those incidents or events in place prior to the occurrence of the concept being researched (Walker Avant, 2011). Antecedents of patient advocacy occur at all levels of the healthcare system, and appeal for nurses to advocate for patients. Advocacy for patients stems from a need to protect a vulnerable population that loses power to represent or defend itself (Hank, 2007). Vulnerable patients are the most frequent ly mentioned situation demanding nurses advocacy actions (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Populations of vulnerable people include groups or individuals who cannot fully embody and defend their own rights, needs, welfares and wishes, are unable to make suitable choices, or unable to carry out their choices (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Identification ofConsequencesThe consequences of patient advocacy are a result of nurses patient advocacy and can be either overbearing or negative (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Successful patient advocacy actions produce decreed consequences through the protection of patients rights, needs, welfares, and wishes (Bu Jezewski, 2006). The nursing profession may also have positive consequences as a result of patient advocacy through increases in professional fulfillment, self-confidence and self-respect through the preservation of personal integrity and example principles (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Negative consequences can occur when nurses advocate for patients and risks are reported as the advocator being insubordinate many patient advocators suffer loss of reputation, support system, and self-esteem (Bu Jezewski, 2006).Identification of Examples of Empirical ReferentEmpirical referents are classes or categories of actual phenomena demonstrating the occurrence of the concept, and in many cases the defining attributes and empirical referents will be the same (Walker Avant, 2011). The concept of patient advocacy, or specific patient advocacy action, is classified under the core attributes listed above, and the empirical referents of this concept analysis are the same. The defining attributes include safeguarding, protecting, representing patients rights, best interests, and values within the healthcaresystem (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Safeguarding patients autonomy, acting on behalf of patients, and defending social justice in the delivery of health care are also listed as defining attributes of patient advocacy (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Patient supporter a nd patient representative are also included in this analysis to be attributes in the role of nurse patient-advocate (Hank, 2007).In conclusion, patient advocacy is an essential part of the professional nursing practice. If the need for advocacy is not suitably acknowledged and applied, effective healthcare will not be received. The concept analysis of this paper provided clarity, definition, and refinement of the concept of patient advocacy and promotes advocating of patients as a necessary step in the advancement intended for nurses professional practice.

The Cyclic Relationship Between Culture And Technology :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Trying to determine the subject of culture on technology is a toilsome task. This is due to the cyclic nature of the relationship between culture and technology. Working with the general notion of culture (1), it is easy to see why the task of analyzing the effect of culture on technology is hard. This is because technology itself is part of this definition of culture, all other products of human work and thought (2). In a sense, we are move to find the effect of culture on culture itself, which initially sounds strange. However, considering technology as one of the venues that a given culture utilizes to transform itself, the challenge to taste the effect of culture on technology can be narrowed down to the investigation of the cyclic relationship between culture and technology. Thus, this paper discusses, what we volition label, technology-induced cultures and culture-induced technologies, in order to show the feedback loop between culture and technology.The class readings pro vide several instances of how technology affects and transforms its encompassing culture (i.e. the culture that was creditworthy for rescue forth the very same technology). One such technology is agriculture.The hunting and host way of life was already being saturated when the world macrocosm was about 4 million. With human population reaching 200 million by 200 B.C., it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to survive by just conference and hunting. (3). Even though it is hard to claim that early man consciously pursued agriculture as the solution to this problem, it is uncontested that the hunter-gatherer nightspot is the culture that was responsible for the invention of agriculture, as Ehrlich points out, agriculture was thus invented gradually, piecemeal, and quite probably sometime reluctantly as groups changed time-honored lifestyles(Ehrlich 15/26). The effect of this technology on the hunter-gatherer society was phenomenal, as it put humanity on the road to socio political complexity(Ehrlich 17/26). The constant mobility as well as the scarce resources involved with the hunting and gathering way of life did not allow for the development of a complex society, as Ehrlich explicitly mentions, Without the ensuring agricultural revolution and the sedentary life and divisions of labor it at last made possible, cultural evolution could never have produced our complex modern civilization. Without farming, which freed some people of the chore of wrestling nourishment from the environment, there would be no cities, no states, no science, and no mayors(4).

Defining Success in the War on Terrorism Essay -- September 11 Terrori

Defining Success in the War on Terrorism In pursuing its fight on terrorism, the Bush administration faces daunting military and diplomatic challenges. But need it also worry about mobilizing public support? With the latest poll showing the public giving the chairman 90 percent approval ratings and endorsing the use of force at the same level, could the White House possibly believe for any more backing from the Ameri keister people? chairman Bush seems to think so. Every speech he gives appears to be primarily concerned with shoring up public opinion, warning us about the difficulties ahead and purposefully praising Americans for their patience and resolve. The administration understands a basic truth about pencil lead a democracy in war Public support must never be taken for granted. Even in allegedly easy-to-support wars, like man War II, political leaders have found it necessary to adjust the military tempo to boost public morale. All the more so in the current campaign, where the course is uncertain and the prospects for immediate success are bleak. Ironically, the initial wave of solidarity behind Bush actually intensifies concern, because there is no way the president can hold on to stratospheric approval ratings. As his support returns to more realistic levels, the headlines could become Bush Approval Plummets. Implicit message Bush Is Losing the War. enquiry has shown that public support of a military campaign is chiefly a function of the missions perceived stakes, the prospects for victory and the anticipated costs. Since the Persian Gulf War (though the seeds can be traced as far back as Vietnam), a myth has taken root among policymakers that only the costs matter -- that the publi... ...mas, Hezbollah and other terrorist organizations. President Bush has repeatedly said this war leave alone be long and we should get on with our lives. In other words, the terrorists started Cold War II, not gentleman War III. The president must stir nat ional vigilance well beyond the levels of post-Cold War complacency, but he cant have the entire country on a permanent high war footing. Yet precisely because the war will be long, it is that much harder to get on with our lives without seeing something that indicates we have started to win. For that we will need to see demonstrable progress toward the three clear goals outlined above. If it looks like America is winning, the president will have all the support he needs to make the victory complete. Without evidence of progress, however, even the rock-solid support he enjoys today could erode significantly.