Slavery in North American Colonies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery in North American Colonies - Essay Example According to the discussion  the spread of tobacco farms and the reducing  population  willing to sign-on as indentured servants in the 1680s' increased the importation of slaves from Africa. African slaves replaced Native American slaves, who were susceptible to diseases of the European origin. The  white  enslavement was by kidnapping or for crimes and debts. According to Robinson, about 600 to 650 thousand slaves came to America against their will. Slaves holders treated slaves as property, to be readily sold and bought. Some owners allowed them to marry, while others imposed  marriage  on their slaves. The sad part is that  slave  marriage  was never recognized  by the states. Slave children did not get spared because they joined others in the  field  when they turned 12 to work from sunrise to sunset.   This paper outlines that  the Anglican Church also raised the issue of liberating the black man by teaching them the Christian principles, but their employees were  adamant  to  allow  this exercise. They had a fear that if the slaves received an education on Christianity they would no longer  accept  to be enslaved. By 1808, over 300000 slaves  were imported, and the rest of the population of slaves were almost all born in the United States. In this same year, the importation of slaves became abolished. As a result, slavery in the non-southern states became history. Between 1700 and 1808, few  real  restrictions of the conduct of  master  toward his  slave  were established, although, they  were considered  as Christian virtues and social norms.

Amazon Ebusiness Essay Example for Free

Amazon Ebusiness Essay Amazon was founded in 1994, spurred by what Bezos called regret minimization framework, his effort to fend off regret for not staking a claim in the Internet gold rush. Company lore says Bezos wrote the business plan while he and his wife drove from New York to Seattle , although that account appears to be apocryphal. The company began as an online bookstore; while the largest brick-and-mortar bookstores and mail-order catalogs for books might offer 200,000 titles, an online bookstore could offer more. Bezos named the company Amazon after the worlds largest river. Since 2000, Amazons logotype is an arrow leading from A to Z, representing customer satisfaction (as it forms a smile); a goal was to have every product in the alphabet. In 1994, the company incorporated in the state of Washington, beginning service in July 1995, and was reincorporated in 1996 inDelaware. The first book Amazon.com sold was Douglas Hofstadters Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. Amazon.com issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, trading under theNASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN, at an IPO price of US$18.00 per share ($1.50 after three stock splits in the late 1990s). Amazons initial business plan was unusual: the company did not expect a profit for four to five years. Its slow growth provoked stockholder complaints that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough. When the dot-com bubble burst, and many e-companies went out of business, Amazon persevered, and finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million or 1 ¢ per share, on revenues of more than $1 billion, but the modest profit was important in demonstrating the business model could be profitable. In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year,  recognizing the companys success in popularizing online shopping. Amazon.com products and services: Amazon product lines include books, music CDs, videotapes and DVDs, software, consumer electronics, kitchen items, tools, lawn and garden items, toys games, baby products, apparel, sporting goods, gourmet food, jewelry, watches, health and personal-care items, beauty products, musical instruments, clothing, industrial scientific supplies, and groceries. The company launched Amazon.com Auctions, a Web auctions service, in March 1999. However, it failed to chip away at industry pioneer eBays large market share. Amazon.com Auctions was followed by the launch of a fixed-price marketplace business, zShops, in September 1999, and the now defunct Sothebys/Amazon partnership called sothebys.amazon.com in November. Auctions and zShops evolved into Amazon Marketplace, a service launched in 2001 that let customers sell used books, CDs, DVDs, and other products alongside new items. Today, Amazon Marketplaces main rival is eBays Half.com service. In August 2005, Amazon began selling products un der its own private label, Pinzon; the trademark applications indicated that the label would be used for textiles, kitchen utensils, and other household goods.In March 2007, the company applied to expand the trademark to cover a more diverse list of goods, and to register a new design consisting of the word PINZON in stylized letters with a notched letter O whose space appears at the one oclock position.. Coverage by the trademark grew to include items such as paints, carpets, wallpaper, hair accessories, clothing, footwear, headgear, cleaning products, and jewelry.On September 2008, Amazon filed to have the name registered. USPTO has finished its review of the application, but Amazon has yet to receive an official registration for the name. Amazon MP3, its own online music store, launched in the US in September 25, 2007, selling downloads exclusively in MP3 format without digital rights management.[This was the first online offering of DRM-free music from all four major record companies. In August 2007, Amazon announced AmazonFresh, a grocery service offering perishable and nonperishable foods. Customers can have orders delivered to their homes at dawn or during a specified daytime window. Delivery was initially restricted to residents of Mercer Island, Washington, and was later expanded to several  ZIP codes in Seattle proper. AmazonFresh also operated pick-up locations in the suburbs of Bellevue and Kirkland from summer 2007 through early 2008. In 2008 Amazon expanded into film production, producing the film The Stolen Child with 20th Century Fox. Amazon.com has incorporated a number of products and services through development and acquisitions. The Honor System was launched in 2001 to allow customers to make donations or buy digital content, with Amazon collecting a percentage of the payment plus a fee. The service was discontinued in 2008. and replaced by Amazon Payments. Amazon launched Amazon Web Services(AWS) in 2002, which provides programmatic access to latent features on its website. Amazon also created channels to benefit certain causes. In 2004, Amazons Presidential Candidates allowed customers to donate $5–200 to the campaigns of 2004 U.S. preside ntial hopefuls. Amazon has periodically reactivated a Red Cross donation channel after crises such as the 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, and the 2004 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean. By January 2005, nearly 200,000 people had donated over $15.7 million in the US. Amazon Prime offers two day shipping with no minimum purchase amount for a flat annual fee, as well as discounted priority shipping rates. Amazon launched the program in the continental United States in 2005, in Japan, the United Kingdom and Germany in 2007, and in France (as Amazon Premium) in 2008. Launched in 2005, Amazon Shorts offers exclusive short stories and non-fiction pieces from best-selling authors for immediate download. By June 2007, the program had over 1,700 pieces and was adding about 50 new pieces per week. In November 2005, Amazon.com began testing Amazon Mechanical Turk, an application programming interface (API) allowing programs to dispatch tasks to human processors. In March 2006, Amazon launched an online storage service called Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). An unlimited number of data objects, from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes in size, can be stored in S3 and distributed via HTTP or BitTorrent. The service charges monthly fees for data stored and transferred. In 2006, Amazon introducedAmazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS), a distributed queue messaging service, and product wikis (later folded into Amapedia) and discussion forums for certain products using guidelines that follow standard message board conventions. Also in 2006, Amazon introduced Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), a virtual site farm, allowing users to use the Amazon infrastructure to run applications ranging  from running simulations to web hosting. In 2008, Amazon improved the service adding Elastic Block Store (EBS), offering persistent storage for Amazon EC2 instances and Elastic IP addresses, static IP addresses designed for dynamic cloud computing. In 2007 Amazon launched Amapedia, a wiki for user-generated content to replace ProductWiki, the video on demand s ervice Amazon Unbox, and Amazon MP3, which sells downloadable MP3s. Amazons terms of use agreements restrict use of the MP3s, but Amazon does not use DRM to enforce those terms. Amazon MP3 sells music from the Big 4 record labels EMI, Universal, Warner Bros. Records, and Sony BMG, as well as independents. Previous to the launch of this service, Amazon made an investment in Amie Street, a music store with a variable pricing model based on demand. Also in 2007 Amazon launched Amazon Vine, which allows reviewers free access to pre-release products from vendors in return for posting a review, as well as payment service specifically targeted at developers, Amazon FPS. In November 2007, Amazon launched Amazon Kindle, an e-book reader which downloads content over Whispernet, via the Sprint Nextel EV-DO wireless network. The screen uses E Ink technology to reduce battery consumption. In 2008 Amazon stated that its Kindle-based library included 200,000 titles. In December 2007, Amazon introduced SimpleDB, a database system, allowing users of its other infrastructure to utilize a high reliability high performance database system. In August 2007, Amazon launched an invitation-only beta-test for online grocery delivery. It has since rolled out in several Seattle, Washington suburbs. In January 2008 Amazon began rolling out their MP3 service to subsidiary websites worldwide. In December, 2008, Amazon MP3 was made available in the UK. In September, IMDB and Amazon.com launched a Music metadata browsing site with wiki-like user contribution. In November, Amazon partnered with Fisher-Price, Mattel, Microsoft and Transcend to offer products with minimal packaging to reduce environmental impact and frustration with opening clamshell type packaging. Amazon Web Services launched a public beta of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud running Microsoft Windows Server and Microsoft SQL Server. Amazon Connectenables authors to post remarks on their book pages to customers. WebStore allows businesses to create custom e-commerce websites using Amazon technology. Sellers pay a commission of 7 percent, including credit-card processing fees and fraud protection, and a subscription fee of  $59.95/month for an unlimited number of webstores and listings. Why Amazon.com is successful as a business on internet and has excellent capabilities supported by information system and e-commerce? Amazons initial business plan was unusual: the company did not expect a profit for four to five years. Its slow growth provoked stockholder complaints that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough. When the dot-com bubble burst and many e-companies went out of business, Amazon persevered, and finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million or 1 ¢ per share, on revenues of more than $1 billion, but the modest profit was important in demonstrating the business model could be profitable. In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos Person of the Year, recognizing the companys success in popularizing online shopping. Amazon changed the way it does business through the years. First it was an online book seller. Next it expanded into selling music and videos. Then it offered toys, consumer electronics and software to its customers. These were linked with a host of new products until this very day. Amazon has a constantly evolving product line. Its competitors have a hard time catching up with the innovator. During its initial years of operation, Amazon was not making any real profit. It practiced instead the habit of reinvesting its income into new markets. This it did to make possible for its customers to make wider choices for the companys offerings. Inventory management is an important function for any business and its efficient implementation can play a major role in reducing costs within a company. Policies, procedures, and techniques employed in maintaining the optimum number or amount of each inventory item. The objective of inventory management is to provide uninterrupted production, sales, and/or customer-service levels at the minimum cost, Levi D. S. et al (2003). Levi explains that a high-quality inventory management system provides a smooth and efficient supply chain by reducing costs and time. Initially when a company is established, key individuals may perform su ch tasks as purchasing, manufacturing or inventory control with little problem in terms of overlapping functions. But as a company expands it may be necessary to concentrate on core functions in the aim to have specialized personnel in every department. Each function has an important part to play in the supply chain. The correct management of  inventory enables a company to reduce liabilities and cost of overstocking, to streamline operations and to have better utilized staff. Amazon.com, the worlds largest online retailer and one of the nations biggest book sellers, is one of the iconic companies of the Internet era, Eells S. (2010), and by realizing the importance of inventory management can only improve its supply chain. From the text we can see that when CEO Jeffrey P. Bezos went about setting up Amazon.com, he had a clear aim to offer customers a wide selection of books but at the same time did not want to spend time and money on opening stores and warehouses and in dealing with the inventory. Bezos was hesitant in deciding to maintain Amazons own warehouse but realized that this was the only way for the company to keep customers satisfied. Internet shopping was rapidly expanding and with Amazon now stretching its ranges from not only books but to CDs, toys and hardware, they too were a growing industry. Amazon began setting up warehouses throughout the US, strategically placing them in states with little or no sales tax in order to reduce costs. These warehouses were very well maintained and completely computerized, with each item having a separate code which made inventory management a lot easier. Within the large warehouses, Amazon held all products which were available on the website. This was not always a good idea as it cost Amazon money in order to stock these goods. In the holiday season of 1999, Bezos was determined not to disappoint any customers; therefore he ordered larger amounts of every product. With this large amount of inventory, Bezos found it very diffic ult to manage, so aimed to rearrange the warehouses to accommodate the demand in different regions. They then decided to outsource some of its routines activities so that they could concentrate more on their core competencies. Deciding whether to outsource or not was a difficult decision for Amazon but seen in the Strategic outsourcing book by Greaver M. (1999), he explains that there quiet a number of reasons how outsourcing can be a major advantage. These points are broken into 6 headings; 1. Organizational reasons Enhance effectiveness and focus on what you do best and also makes the company more flexible 2. Improvement driven reasons Improve operating performance and also management and control 3. Finally driven reasons Reduce investment assets and free up these resources for other areas of the business 4. Revenue driven reasons Gain market access and  business opportunities along with accelerating expansion 5. Cost driven reasons Reduce cost through superior provider performance and lower cost structure 6. Employee driven reasons Increase commitment and energy in non c ore areas. Amazon decided to outsource its inventory management, and with this they decided not to stock every item offered on its site. It stocked only the most popular and frequently purchased items and as for the other items, they were requested from the distributor on ordering. The item would be sent to Amazon, unpacked and finally sent to the customer. Amazon entered into an agreement with Ingram Micro Inc. to use its knowledge and experience in the electronic goods and supply chain management in order to provide logistics and order-fulfillment services for desktops, laptops and other computer related accessories. From the case, Kevin Murai, President, Ingram Macro U.S. informs everyone the advantages in which they can offer to Amazons supply chain and satisfaction of customers, â€Å"The customer fulfillment services we are providing to Amazon.com’s computer store will minimize the number of touches to the product, while ensuring a seamless shopping experience for Amazons customers from start to finish†. A collaborative approach was obvious from this. A collaborative partnership has become an alternative approach to care, replacing traditional hierarchical approach as the desired approach to care. The features of collaborative partnerships are (1) Power sharing and sharing of expertise; (2) the pursuit of mutually agreed on, person centered goals and, (3) a dynamic process that requires the active participation and agreement of all partners in the relationship, Elsevier M. (2006). Both Amazon and Ingram Micro both shared the passion for customer satisfaction which was the main driving force to the success of their partnership. Amazon has identified its core competencies as: customer convenience and accessibility, massive selection, personalized service, quality of the site content, quality of its search tools and price, Mulqueen K. (2009). By entering into this partnership it gives Amazon more quality time to put into its core competencies. During the initial stages of Amazons warehousing, it aimed to have every item in stock in o rder to maximize customer satisfaction. By having this inventory, it would enable Amazon to meet the needs of the customers when they purchased the goods online. When the customer chooses the item, Amazon takes it from inventory and sent it to the respective  customer. We can see the logic in which Bezos takes as he is aiming to satisfy every customer in order to build a positive image and reputation of the company. Holding this much inventory on the other can be quite costly and also for a small business which Amazon was when taking on this method can be very difficult to manage. Amazons warehouses were a quarter mile long and 200 yards wide storing millions of books. Each warehouse cost Bezos around 50 million and not only this he started to realize that having all these large amounts of stock was unutilized cash which could be used to improve the business elsewhere. The below image (fig 1.1) gives you an idea of the scale of the warehouses and how an effective inventory management structure is vital. Learning from the difficult holiday season of 1999, Bezos outsourced some of their core competencies in order to pay more attention to othe r areas of the business. In our opinion this was a step in the right direction as when Amazons partners shipped the goods Amazon revamped the layout of their warehouses which makes the items easier to find and allowed customer orders to be sorted more efficiently. In early 2001, when Amazon partnered with Ingram Micro Inc., we feel that this was the correct decision for Amazon in the aim for efficient inventory management and it didn’t take long for changes to be made to the stocking of inventory. Amazon decided to stock only the most popular and most frequently purchased. If an item which wasn’t in stock, Amazon simply ordered in from the distributor and who then shipped it to Amazon where they would unpack it and send it to the customer. This may seem like a longer process but we feel this step which significantly reduce costs and better utilized Amazons finances. This is evident from the case as in December 00; their gross profit was 656.8 million where it was almost doubled in December 02 where the profit was 1,074.9 million. By doing this method, inevitably Amazon reduced holding costs. This method was proving to be a positive for Amazon as the improved inventory management helped Amazon record its first ever profit in 2001. From being initially in a deficit of $2.86 billion seven years earlier, Amazon recorded a net profit of $5 million in the fourth quarter of 2001. By Amazon outsourcing its inventory management, we could see the improvements almost immediately from their financial reports in the case. It is clear in our opinion, that Amazon made the right decision when outsourcing this function. It has reduced cost by keeping fewer inventories  and at the same time has partnered with a company with a great deal of expertise in the technology functions which can again be a major positive for the company. This shows again that outsourcing the inventory function was the correct decision for Amazon. The transfer of Amazons inventory management as shown in the case was a positive influence on the company and we feel that it was a successful task. The reason for this is simple; Amazon has tried and tested various inventory techniques from when it was first established. At first Amazons inventory was too great and was seen to be unutilized cash. Bezos realized that this unutilized cash could possible to used to benefit over departments within the company. The task of outsourcing this area made a profit for the company immediately, at the end of 2001, Amazon had a sales record of 1.1 billion which was a 15% increase on the same period of the previous year. Then again in 2002, we can see from the case that Amazon recorded sales of 3.93 billion which was a 26% increase on the year previous. These figures show that the task of outsourcing inventory for Amazon was an important function which has shown to get record sales for the company and along with the expertise given by Ingram Micro was overall a positive influence on the company. Overall, Amazons decision to outsource its inventory management and concentrate more on other funct ions within the business was the correct decision in our opinion. This is proven by the increase in profit since doing so. Amazon managed to outsource this function and still satisfy their customers which is one of their core values along with being innovative. According to businessweek.com, Amazon in 2010 had a net income of $231 million in comparison to $177million in 2009 which again is an indication that the company’s decisions have only had a positive impact as the company continues to grow. This is a positive for the company but in comparison to its main competitor, EBay had a net income of 397.65 million in 2010 which is also seen on businessweek.com. This shows that there is a lot of work done but still in order to compete with its competitors it must still strive to improve. Amazon prides itself on a strong brand, excellent customer service and a well designed, easy to use website. Its use of E-Business strategies enables the company to cut costs better than its competitors and empower its customers by offering them choice. It could be argued that Amazons’ most valuable asset is its CEO and Founder Jeff Bezos. Bezos innovative style has grown the company from  strength to strength and latest figures, according to the website www.siliconrepublic.com show an increase in profit of 36% to $12.95bn for 2010 from a sink to 3.7pc from 5pc at the end of 2009. In 2001, Amazons CEO, Jeff Bezos welcomed competitors rather than fighting them. This decision was initially seen as somewhat controversial. According to Vogelstein (2003) the decision caused such a stir in the book-publishing community that the Authors Guild formally stepped in. They wanted used books sold on a different page from newly published ones. Amazon was able to do this as a result of its efficient inventory management. Vogelstein (2003) states that Amazons warehouses are so efficient that they need to be replenished 20 times per year and they can now handle three times the volume they handled in 1999. The net result of this initiative is increased profits as can be seen from the case. The success of Amazon can be attributed to E-Business. Tedeschi (1999) state; Business on the Internet is cutting significant cost out of the supply chain, with better procurement and resource planning. With Amazon, these cost savings are passed onto the end customer. Through price comparison and transparency on its webpage, customers could make informed decisions based on price. This created massive popularity with its customers. E-Business also creates brand strength. According to Matthewson (2002) a recent survey demonstrated the importance of online brand building, as it showed that six out of ten internet users directly typed into their browser the address of the brand they are interested in buying. The website is said to attract 81 million unique visitors each month .Amazon has capitalized on this process known as cyber-branding. This essentially promotes the company through superior customer service. Its logistics in both inventory efficiency and technology gives it a superior edge over its competitors. Its operations are very efficient due to the strategic locations of its warehouses and headquarters, which have enabled Amazon to cut a lot of its costs. The market in which amazon.com operates and how it is organized by region and country: Amazon.com has always sold goods out of its own warehouses. It started as a bookseller, pure and simple, and over the last decade has branched out into  additional product areas and the third-party sales that now represent a good chunk of its revenue (some estimates put it at 25 percent). Both retailers and individual sellers utilize the Amazon.com platform to sell goods. Large retailers like Nordstrom, Lands End and Target use Amazon.com to sell their products in addition to selling them through their own Web sites. The sales go through Amazon.com and end up at Nordstrom.com, Lands End.com or Target.com for processing and order fulfillment. Amazon essentially leases space to these retailers, who use Amazon.com as a supplemental outlet for their online sales. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace, Amazon zShops or Amazon Auctions. At Marketplace, sellers offer goods at a fixed price, and at Auctions they sell their stuff to the highest bidder. Amazon zShops f eatures only used goods at fixed prices. If an item listed on zShops, Marketplace or Auctions is also sold on the main Amazon.com, it appears in a box beside the Amazon.com item so buyers can see if someone else is selling the product for less in one of the other sales channels. The level of integration that occurs on Amazon is a programming feat that few (if any) online sales sites can match. Another sales channel called Amazon Advantage is a place where people can sell new books, music and movies directly from the Amazon warehouse instead of from their home or store. Sellers ship a number of units to Amazon, and Amazon handles the entire sales transaction from start to finish. In all of these programs, Amazon gets a cut of each sale (usually about 10 percent to 15 percent) and sometimes charges additional listing or subscription fees; in the case of Amazon Advantage, the company takes a 55 percent commission on each sale. The Advantage channel is something like a consignment setup, a sales avenue for people who create the ir own music CDs or have self-published a book and are simply looking for a way to get it out there. One of the latest additions to Amazons repertoire is a subsidiary company called Amazon Services. Through Amazon Services, Amazon sells its sales platform, providing complete Amazon e-commerce packages to companies looking to establish or revamp their e-commerce business. Amazon sets up complete Web sites and technology backbones for other e-commerce companies using Amazon software and technology. Target, for instance, in addition to having a store on Amazon.com, also uses Amazon Services to build and manage its own e-commerce site, Target.com. But selling goods isnt the only way to make  money with Amazon.com. The Web sites affiliate program is one of the most famous on the Web. Through Amazons Associate Program, anyone with a Web site can post a link to Amazon.com and earn some money. The link can display a single product chosen by the associate, or it can list several best seller products in a particular genre, in which case Amazon updates the list automatically at preset interv als. The associate gets a cut of any sale made directly through that link. The cut ranges from 4 percent to 7.5 percent depending on which fee structure the associate signs up for (see Amazon Associates for complete program details). The associate can also take advantage of Amazon Web Services, which is the program that lets people use Amazons utilities for their own purposes. The Amazon Web Services API (application programming interface) lets developers access the Amazon technology infrastructure to build their own applications for their own Web sites. All product sales generated by those Web sites have to go through Amazon.com, and the associate gets a small commission on each sale. References * about Ingram Micro. [Online] Available from: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=98566p=irol-aboutIMOverview * Aryasri A R (2007) Managerial economics and financial analysis, 3rd Ed, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi * Bolumole, Yemisi A., Frankel R., Naslund D, 2007. â€Å"Developing a Theoretical Framework for Logistics Outsourcing†, Transportation Journal, [e-journal], Vol. 46 Issue 2, p35-54, 20p, , Available through: Business Source Premier database [Accessed 18 February 2011] * Coltman et al (2000) E-Business: Revolution, Evolution or Hype? 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Laws Restricting the Paparazzi Essay -- Celebrity Photographer Media T

The paparazzi - a fusion of the Italian words papatacci, meaning gnat and razzi meaning the popping of flashbulbs. It is also known as aggressive photography. The word paparazzo was coined by Federico Fellini, the name he gave to a prying society cameraman in his 1959 film "La Dolce Vita". Paparazzi photographers are fueled by large sums of money offered by the tabloid press. They try to catch the rich and famous in unflattering situations. The new breed of journalism grew by leaps and bounds after the Watergate scandal first broke in Washington, DC (Petersen's, 57). At first the paparazzi were an annoying group of photographers who were persistent when trying to get the perfect shot of a celebrity so they could sell the image for large sums of money but as technology became more advanced so did the equipment the paparazzi used - telephoto lenses, hi-tech listening devices, and powerful zoom lenses on video cameras. No major celebrity can avoid them. Emerging from cars, entering glittering parties or trying to take a secluded vacation, the glamour figures of the '90s are hounded mercilessly by the men-and a few women-who wield long lenses and a brazen shamelessness (Maclean, 38). Today, paparazzi's tread on private property, film celebrities during intimate moments, and even go as far as stalking a public figure. Some of these photos can be worth in the millions of dollars. A single photograph of Prince Charles seen together with his mistress Camilla Parker-Bowles is estimated to be worth 5 million English pounds. The prince says he "would love to figure out a way for the proceeds to go to charity" (Newsweek, 95).The prince and his mistress usually arrive and depart at different times in order to avoid the paparazzi when they attend a function together. The prince has been lucky. Almost all well known faces have had run-ins with the paparazzi but many have horror stories to tell. The Screen Actors Guild has been concerned with the paparazzi and how it affects many of it's 100,000 members. "The death of princess Diana was the final straw" according to the SAG president, Richard Masur. He, along with California Senators Diane Feinstein, Barbara Boxer, and three respected constitutional scholars had a meeting to discuss what could be done about the paparazzi. In less than four hours, they came up with the rough wording of S. 2103 (Quill, 27). Before... ...g with the intent to capture audio or video images of a celebrity or crime victim engaging in a personal or family activity. It will allow the celebrity or crime victim to recover damages from the paparazzi and people who employ them (Victorville). According to Andrea Brown, a spokesperson for former governor Pete Wilson, "The governor thought it was important because of safety issues for normal everyday people. These people deserve to conduct their personal lives in private. Technology requires changes in any law. It creates new ways for people to commit crimes." After all the research done on the pro's and con's of new laws that would affect the paparazzi it's easy to see how these laws could affect people on both sides of the issue. Paparazzi photographers have to make a living and the famous deserve their privacy. Celebrities know that with fame comes the loss of privacy but they do not deserve to loss all privacy and not all paparazzi photographers are ruthless, shameless, aggressive people. The laws that came into effect on January 1st, 1999 were only to restrain the most aggressive of photographers. We can only hope that the paparazzi will learn when they've gone too far.

Hiv/Aids in Africa Essay

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world that is most affected by HIV/AIDS. The United Nations reports that an estimated 25.4 million people are living with HIV and that approximately 3.1 million new infections occurred in 2004. To put these figures in context, more than 60 percent of the people living with the infection reside in Africa. Even these staggering figures do not quite capture the true extent and impact that this disease causes on the continent. In 1998, about 200,000 Africans died as a result of various wars taking place on the continent. In that same year, more than 2 million succumbed to HIV/AIDS (Botchwey, 2000). The pandemic can be likened very much to the Bubonic Plague of the fourteenth century in terms of its killing ability. Both the Black Death and HIV/AIDS have wiped out a large proportion of the affected population. Until the AIDS pandemic, the world had not experienced a mass shrinking in their populations since the Black Death. However, unlike the Black Death, the pandemic has become much more than a health problem as it encompasses economic, social, political, psychological and cultural dimensions. (Arndt and Lewis, 2000) HIV/AIDS is so severe that it sends ripples to the edges of society, spreading its effects on families through communities to countries as a whole. Due to the fact that the pandemic is widespread in young and middle-aged adults the epidemic destroys the very core and nucleus of society as well as the foundation of the nation’s economy. The pandemic is not a disease for adults only as in 2005 alone, an estimated 2.3 million children globally were living with HIV (UNAIDS 2005). Hence, HIV/AIDS rids the continent of what is arguably its most important resource; human capital. This is especially true in locations exposed to rampant HIV prevalence rates. In such regions, the economic growth of the country is affected which makes the provision of highly needed social services more diffic ult. We realize that countries find themselves in this sadistic cycle, as by aggravating the already poor conditions individuals become more susceptible to the spread of HIV. The impact of AIDS may be felt as an immediate shock, as when a family loses a breadwinner, or in the case of a firm, an important employer leaves. However, at the national level the impact is felt as the gradual accrual of losses. The toll of HIV/AIDS on households can be very severe. Many families lose their bread winners. Many of those dying have surviving partners who are themselves infected and are in need of care. They leave behind children grieving and struggling to survive without the care of the parents. The disease strips the family assets further impoverishing the poor. In many cases, the presence of AIDS means that the household eventually dissolves, as the parents die and children are sent to relatives for care and upbringing. The gravity of the impact depends not only on the numbers infected and directly affected by the pandemic, but also on the resources available to manage the situation. This may be resources accessible at family, community or national level. The pandemic also has dire impacts on the demographics of a country. This impact is usually more difficult to assess as it is largely dependent on data from birth and death certificates, and health records, all of which are poor or almost non-existent in that part of the world. Due to this, life expectancy at birth has fallen, dramatically, and the population structure has changed shape eroding years of progress made by many African countries. This obviously has implications for growth. (World Bank, 2000) Despite its serious implications, however, original research on the impact of AIDS is scarce. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the level of human capital in Sub-Saharan Africa. The basic question surrounding this study is â€Å"Does HIV/AIDS have a negative impact on human capital accumulation†. We believe that it does have a negative impact on human capital accumulation as resources, effort, and time are diverted to attend to the various issues associated with the pandemic. In an attempt to answer this question, the study will specify human capital as primary school enrollment. We do this because this is the level of schooling at which an individual receives basic education. Basic education is the formal education deemed necessary for somebody to function properly in society. Development economists have regarded basic education as a priority for developing countries the benefits of which include reduction of disease through knowledge of hygiene and nutrition and better understanding of non-violent ways to solve problems. In this light, many African countries have implemented free universal basic education programs that aim at encouraging households to enroll their children in school. This is the primary way in which the impact of the pandemic may be offset. This is just one of the many dynamics of the issue of the HIV/AIDS and human capital.

Early in the play Macbeth caleed lady

This essay will examine the context of Shakespeare's Macbeth and primarily delve into the relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as a partnership to determine whether, or not, their marriage is based on equal terms, or how this emphasizes her strength of mind that often overpowers his moral beliefs. As well as interpreting one another's attitudes when not in scenes together and how they differ when separated. It will also analyse their personalities varied stances and how they express them through vocabulary from the beginning of the first act throughout the course of the play until their inevitable demise. This will ultimately define the quote, â€Å"my dearest partner of greatness†. Before Macbeth is seen and Lady Macbeth is mentioned, their characters are built on the compliments of others. In Act 1 Scene 2 the captain says â€Å"For Brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name†. Explaining early of Macbeth's brave and ruthless prowess in battle, later in this scene Ross describes him as â€Å"Bellona's Bridegroom†, more of a remark directed at Lady Macbeth and is in fact the first mention of her in the play. Bellona is the ancient Roman goddess of war and is not the only reference to ancient Rome in the play. The other obvious boasting of Macbeth comes in Duncan's constant gratitude and awe, frequently describing him as â€Å"Noble Macbeth† or â€Å"O worthiest Cousin!†, Act 1 scene 2 and act 1 scene 4, respectively. Therefore when the audience first meet Macbeth in the scene 3 of the first Act and he confronts the witches, it is his reputation that proceeds him as he's not quite timid but hesitant to communicate with the mystical strangers that confront him before Banquo addresses them. He is also doubtfully sceptical whether to believe their foretelling: â€Å"Not within the prospect of belief†, as one would be in a situation until his evidence is disclosed in the form of Ross and Angus' confirmation of him being crowned Thane of Cawdor, â€Å"as happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme†. He believes that now the first prediction has come true also him being Thane of Glamis that surely they were just the stepping stones to his ultimate goal. When the audience first encounter Lady Macbeth in Scene of the first act she is speaking the words of her husband's letter. In this letter he describes her as â€Å"my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the due of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee.† Suggesting they are a partnership and he has thought to inform her of the news so she shares in his pride, he also knows that she will scheme their next move. After reading the letter she contemplates his convictions, despite his widely respected bravery and manliness in battle she debates whether he can act in the same manner when fighting for personal gain against his former compares – â€Å"yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o'th' milk of human kindness†. However unfounded her doubts they are correct because after hearing the witches prophecies two scenes earlier, â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir†, he became Thane of Cawdor with nothing but honourable service and so he's unsure whether to act unmorally in this circumstance. In Scene 4, when Macbeth and Banquo arrive at Duncan's camp, Macbeth's attitude is courteous and faithful towards the king but once Duncan confirms that his heir will be his eldest, Malcolm, Macbeth's true intentions are revealed in an aside, a language devise common in plays similar to a monologue in which a character will often speak his genuine mental thoughts while acting or saying differed points in his real conversation. â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step on which I must fall down, or o'er leap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires: The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see.† Macbeth mentions that Malcolm is an obstacle in which he must overcome if he should become king and then Shakespeare uses the first of many rhyming couplets in the play. In the play, â€Å"Macbeth† a rhyming couplet is commonly used before a major event or when someone is thinking aloud to inform the audience of a characters' thoughts. In Act 1 Scene 5 Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"That I pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue†. Indicating her wishes to inspire him to do betraying deeds with her passion for their royal goal. She is not commanding him to do so that may have been intimated to sound as though she is in control. However, this passage is a vital one at this point in the play, which verifies Lady Macbeth is not in complete command but still has a voice in matters. It infers she makes her suggestion then persuades him to follow through using her manipulative nature and sexuality. It is a rarity that a woman in this Elizabethan society would have any say in her husband's, particularly a soldier's, decisions. Primarily for the misogynistic views harboured by physically strong alpha male's with housebound wives. In Act 1 Scene 5 Lady Macbeth confirms that at the beginning of the play she not cruel nor amoral, nor insensitive; it is purely that she is complete and utterly strong minded and committed to her aspirations; â€Å"make thick my blood; stop up th' access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings o nature shake my purpose, nor keep between the effect† Lady Macbeth deliberately becomes remorseless so she can govern her husband to his power which will also benefits her. These chosen sacrifice pay their price later in the play: â€Å"Thy letters have transported me beyond This ignorant present, and I feel now The future in the instant†. Macbeth's letters have aroused her devious nature and she has plotted and schemed. She has pictures herself as queen to him and is now relentlessly obsessing to crown herself, metaphorically and literally, with her achievement. â€Å"look like the innocent flower but be the serpent lying under't† Lady Macbeth is adamant that Macbeth carries out her wishes. â€Å"and you shall put this night's great business into my dispatch† She commands and takes control of the situation due to her continuing doubts about his moral beliefs and willpower interrupting their mission. â€Å"We will speak further† Macbeth remains unconvinced: â€Å"To alter favour ever is to fear†. She ignores his pleas insisting, on the danger that his feelings may bring to this tentative position. Macbeth's uncertainty can be partly due to not just being made Cawdor but the previous affiliation and favours Duncan has bestowed on him. â€Å"Your majesty loads our house: for those of old,† Implying Duncan's favours go beyond his recent praise further evidence for this can be cited in Act 1 Scene 4 â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, In doing it, pays itself. Your highness' part Is to receive our duties; and our duties Are to your throne†. In Act 1 Scene 7 Macbeth's soliloquy, another monologue like language device preferred by Shakespeare in â€Å"Macbeth†, often express his characters deepest desires and overly negative thoughts of the people around them: â€Å"If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done quickly† Macbeth expresses that he doesn't want to torture Duncan and a quick and painless sleeping death would be all he could deliver all be it he feels it's unjust to murder such an honourable man in his sleep. â€Å"this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here† He further expresses his reluctance to the task at hand but still sees it's importance; he indicates that if and when he kills Duncan that would be the be all and end all and no acts would follow, then he would barely hesitate. However, he knows this isn't the case and must find strength for this is just a step to his path of greatness: â€Å"as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then, as his host who should against the murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself†. Macbeth's feelings of guilt intensify as not only as his loyal server to the king and country but as his host, is not a righteous path to walk down. â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other.† He has no motive but the selfish wishes and ambitions of himself and his wife. Therefore he feels it can only be a unsatisfactory reason for creating such a cowardly and despicable act of murder. In Act 1Scene 7 Lady Macbeth's pride and utter determination is unreserved, she is overpowering Macbeth's guilt and with sheer will. She is not afraid of what outcome may follow and she is ordering him to do as she pleases: Macbeth: â€Å"we will proceed no further in this business† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Was the hope drunk wherein you dress'd yourself? Hath it slept since?† She accuses him of being cowardly and expresses that his determination has died since they last spoke of their plans: â€Å"Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valour As thou art in desire?† In claiming his fear of acting on his ambitions, she is hoping to touch a nerve by the continuous raging mockery; she is solely hoping to spur him on to do the deed she craves him to act on: â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem† Macbeth's response is ferocious; he knows he has to silence her at once: â€Å"Prithee, peace: I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none.† He insists he as a worthy man and will act on any bravery expected of a man. This line implies he is as noble as a soldier could be but he cannot do an unjust duty, possibly subconsciously is not only that the king hasn't ordered but that a woman has. â€Å"What beast was't, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; And, to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man.† Lady Macbeth's questions his manhood. This point proving if maybe more than any that Lady Macbeth's marriage to Macbeth is more equal than most. A typical woman in Elizabethan society to raise her voice to her husband, a soldier, a thane, and question his manly judgement, would not be permitted: â€Å"while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this†. Lady Macbeth continues insisting the strength of a man's word and that it cannot be broken. â€Å"We fail! But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we'll not fail.† Her wondrous dreams conclude that winning is all that matters; she wants and needs to be queen or die trying imploring him to commit himself to the act albeit treasonous. In Act 2 Scene 1, Macbeth's soliloquy revolves around imagining a dagger placed in front of him although knowing it is imaginary and just a fragment of his guilt stricken imagination: â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me† â€Å"Alarum'd by his sentinel, the wolf, Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace.† Shakespeare compares Macbeth to an animal of the night; he must follow out his deed with conviction to take charge of his pack. In the animal kingdom such an act would regularly occur and not be looked at twice as is natural to those. Macbeth must hunt like the wolf, the original dog, and deny his conscience in order to become the ultimate predator. At the end of the soliloquy, in scene 7 of the first act, are two separate rhyming couplets; Shakespeare's use of rhyming couplets is usually to depict the characters thoughts just before a major event: â€Å"Whiles I threat, he lives: Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.† Macbeth is summoning himself to stop his ranting and perform hastily, which is quite true. The longer he thinks about it the less likely he is to do it. â€Å"Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven or to hell.† The audience now presumes after this act that the deed was carried out. The first lines in Act 1 Scene 2 are of Lady Macbeth discussing alcohol; â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; What hath quench'd them hath given me fire.† The negative effect on them has had the effect on her she craves, and enabled her to feel no guilt on the assassination. When Macbeth returns bearing the good news, in her mind, she makes a pitiful excuse of why she has not carried out the deed she relished more than him. â€Å"Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done't.† Thus more evidence suggesting Lady Macbeth is not a psychopath as her ambitions that have been manifested in aggressive and murderous behaviour, she could not follow through personally for she is not a warrior like Macbeth and has probably never taken a life. Yet, after the murder, Macbeth's panicking paranoiac behaviour is ignored by Lady Macbeth Macbeth: â€Å"‘Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more.'† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Why, worthy thane, You do unbend your noble strength, to think So brainsickly of things.† Macbeth's is instantly driven mad after the murder of Duncan. He cannot yet control his acts; he's in a frenzy of hysteria. He believes he will never wash his hands of the deed: â€Å"Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand?† Lady Macbeth's attitude is very different: â€Å"Your constancy Hath left you unattended.† She is now in complete control and he relies on her commands to get through the night and she scornfully scrutinizes his behaviour. In Act 2 scene 3, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony after the king has been murdered. Lady Macbeth is told of the news by Macduff: â€Å"O gentle lady,' Tis not for you to hear what I can speak: The repetition, in a woman's ear, Would murder as it fell† Later in the scene, Macbeth is verbally burbling over the murder of the guards and arousing suspicion from the on looking Thanes; Lady Macbeth faints out of sheer concern of their task being ended by the clumsiness of her husband. This indicates her aiding him is not only for her own interests but implying that their relationship is a partnership. Since Act 1 Scene 3 the relationship of Banquo and Macbeth has altered immensely. At the beginning of Act 3, Banquo is aware of Macbeth's actions but doesn't tell his former noble accomplice in case he himself is murdered: â€Å"Thou hast it now: king, Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and, I fear, Thou play'dst most foully for't†. After Macbeth talks neighbourly to Banquo and wishes him farewell, while transparently finding the details of his departure, his true thoughts are known â€Å"There is none but he Whose being I do fear† Shakespeare also makes another Ancient Rome reference as â€Å"Mark Antony's was by Caesar.† In Act 3 Scene1, when Macbeth orders Banquo's murders, this could be considered the pivotal moment in the play. He does not consult his wife and grows independent in amoral sin. This role reversal is made increasingly imminent in the following scene where Lady Macbeth is seen weary and weak, symbolizing Macbeth's turn in ability to be able to carry out evil acts without doubt. Lady Macbeth from this point on is weakened and without need to control her husband and she soon loses the ability to control herself. Macbeth emblazoned with power before he goes insane with guilt â€Å"Lady Macbeth: what's to be done? Macbeth: Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, Till thou applaud the deed.† In Act 3 scene 4 when Macbeth is asked to sit yet he sees the ghost of Banquo in his chair his guilt and paranoia is blatant, he is instantly on the defensive though not being challenged â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it: never shake Thy gory locks at me.† Lady Macbeth reaches in as in fainting to distract attention, she claims an excuse before expressing her rage to Macbeth â€Å"Are you a man?† and â€Å"What, quite unmann'd in folly?†. Ever questioning his manhood â€Å"Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time, Ere human statute purged the gentle weal; Ay, and since too, murders have been perform'd†¦but now they rise again,† Historically, most people viewing the play â€Å"Macbeth† when it was first acted, would have generally believed in the supernatural, therefore Shakespeare is adding a supernatural element that people would be famililar with. In the modern day, Banquo's ghost would be like the dagger and just a symbolic prop hinted as a piece of imagination. However then like the witches, they would genuinely believe that the dead would be joining the hosts at dinner. Macbeth is trying to claim a manliness that would be true to his valour as a soldier, under the mockery of his wife, â€Å"Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves Shall never tremble†, inferring nothing will scare him but his conscience. At the end of Scene 4 of the third act, Lady Macbeth is found asking about what he is going to do about Macduff and generally what next? For now Macbeth is in control and she is doing what he wishes despite the incident with Banquo's ghost, he is firmly now placed as the man in their relationship. In Act 4 Scene 1 Macbeth is confronted with three apparitions whose predictions reveal: â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough.† Macbeth was originally worried about Macduff but now this has been confirmed he is thankful. â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth.† Macbeth foolishly decides this means no one can kill him and he forgets his initial fears of Macduff. â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him.† This further comforts Macbeth as he now thinks he is invincible because no one can physically move a forest. However, the witches ploy is to meddle and Shakespeare has written these as trickery, Macduff was born of a caesarean section and is not according to Shakespearian audience not of woman born. By Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he means the wood moves in leaves and camouflage. Hecates orders of mischief were carried out for their previous prophecies were factually beneficial. Now they are misleading him into believing he is immortal and will not be defeated: â€Å"Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits:† Macbeth knows he has not much time but must act on the news of Macduff gathering an army but does not seek his Lady's help he is instead overly casual of the situation relating to his recent news. In Act 5 Scene 1, Shakespeare uses Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking sequence to relive the events of the couples past for the audience, which puts subsequent scenes into perspective for them: â€Å"a soldier, and afeard?† She speaks of her husband's nerves but also of her own remorse â€Å"What, will these hands ne'er be clean?† Lady Macbeth's initial empowerment has been deadened by guilt and driven her to the brink of insanity; she who criticized Macbeth for his lack of conviction is now whimsical and helpless and her death is imminent. â€Å"What does the tyrant?† and â€Å"confident tyrant† Menteith describes Macbeth as a tyrant, abusing his power, cheating and lying. His former colleagues feel none but disdain for his actions. â€Å"Some say he's mad; others that lesser hate him Do call it valiant fury† These two statements of madness and bravery display hatred with mutual respect. His wrath is now coming to a close but he cannot turn back now he must die like a noble soldier as he lived most of his adult life but he is still not completely aware of his soon departure for the words of the three witches gave him false hope. â€Å"Bring me no more report† â€Å"Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.† Macbeth is in complete power; he has become the evil dictator his wife aspired him to yet she is not in the health to see it. â€Å"Bring it after me. I will not be afraid of death and bane, Till Birnam forest come to Dunsinane.† This rhyming couplet represents Macbeth's loss of doubt; everything he feared before he has embraced and it has empowered him as a king to fight, not for his country, for himself and only himself. â€Å"Were I from Dunsinane away and clear, Profit again should hardly draw me here.† The Doctor's self-sympathy in aside rhyming couplet is representative of all the servants and unlucky servers of the King who have been forced to loyalty under his emphatic regime. In Act 5 Scene 5 â€Å"I have almost forgot the taste of fears; The time has been, my senses would have cool'd To hear a night-shriek† This is Macbeth's admitting his change in character but know his life has been so corrupted by murders of the innocent. â€Å"She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word.† When Lady Macbeth dies, Macbeth is almost emotionless as he soon discovers his confidence was unjust and his life will soon be over as well. â€Å"If this which he avouches does appear, There is nor flying hence nor tarrying here. I gin to be aweary of the sun, And wish the estate o' the world were now undone. Ring the alarum-bell! Blow, wind! come, wrack! At least we'll die with harness on our back.† Macbeth is now prepared for immortality, he can take back his sins and treacheries for now he can only fight till death and die with the honour of a soldier albeit a corrupt one. â€Å"Why should I play the Roman fool, and die On mine own sword?† Macbeth again references Ancient Rome, he expresses the urge to die fighting. His wife is dead as well as his best friend and that was at his hands and also his king. Macbeth's death was always inevitable. â€Å"Of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen† I don't believe Malcolm's comments are entirely accurate way to describe Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because even though there are some elements of truth there, in the end, they regretted their actions and regret is not something a â€Å"butcher† or a â€Å"fiend† might feel. A â€Å"butcher† and a â€Å"fiend† are the alter egos of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The starting point of Macbeth and actions are the witches' prediction. This is the cause of their actions because the predictions were already planted in their minds. Macbeth cannot be described as a butcher because individually he would not of been able to kill the king. Although Lady Macbeth manipulated him into murdering Duncan, she was drunk on royal fantasies, and the next day her guilt became unbearable and led to her loss of sanity and subsequently, her death. Macbeth could also not bring himself to murder Banquo or Macduff's family personally so ordered assassins to kill them instead. In conclusion, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth can be described as partners. However were never in equal roles. One needs to be stronger and dominant at each given time although this position is exchanged throughout the course of the play.

Chinas Dynasties Circa 2100 BCE - 1911 CE

Chinas Dynasties Circa 2100 BCE - 1911 CE The history of China stretches back into the mists of time. For centuries, scholars from China and abroad believed that the ancient dynasties - those prior to the Qin - were simply mythical. However, the discovery in 1899 of oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty dating back to c. 1500 BCE proved that this dynasty actually existed. The bones provided impressive amounts of information about the Shang royal family, religious beliefs and other aspects of life more than 3,500 years ago. Firm evidence for the Xia Dynasty has yet to be found... but do not bet against it! 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Period (c. 2850 - c. 2200 BCE) Xia Dynasty (c. 2100 - c. 1600 BCE) Shang Dynasty (c. 1700 - 1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066 - 256 BCE) Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BCE) Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 CE) Jin Dynasty (265 - 420) 16 Kingdoms Period (304 - 439) Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589) Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 - 960) Song Dynasty (906 - 1279) Liao Dynasty (907 - 1125) Western Xia Dynasty (1038 - 1227) Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234) Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911)

Mountain Gorillas Essays - Gorillas, Mountain Gorilla, Free Essays

Mountain Gorillas Essays - Gorillas, Mountain Gorilla, Free Essays Mountain Gorillas Half man and half beast. This is what is usually said about the gorilla. They say that the gorilla is related to us. You can find mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes, which are located on the boundaries of Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda. The Virungas are 600 miles of tropical rainforest. Youll find then roaming around 7,800 and 11,000 feet, but at low elevations. The gorillas live in units. Most of the units consist of about 6-12 members in it, most of them being related in some way. With each unit, there is a leader, usually an old silverback, who was a virtual dictator. A silverback male has large canines and he may weigh 400 pounds. He is the one who decides when to proceed, and when to stop, and which direction to go. When he sleeps, everyone else is supposed to be sleeping to, and then he gives a signal to wake up. When the old silverback gets too old, then his eldest son usually is the one to take over. The females are usually responsible for the nursing portion in the unit. Gorillas are peaceful and tolerant by nature. Whenever two groups meet, they either ignore each other, or they give each other a grumpy grunt. Sometimes the two groups would even stay together, and then eventually separate. There are many rumors about gorillas being very violent, but there are no reports about it. There are times when they have little mock fights, but there is never any blood shed in them. Right now there are not too many mountain gorillas you will find in the Virungas. Their population is only in the hundreds. In 1960, there was an estimated 450 gorillas still remaining in two isolated habitats. In a 1981 census, it gave a figure of about 254 gorillas. Right now there is somewhere between 400-450 mountain gorillas that have survived. There are so few of these creatures for many reasons. There are many poachers who kill the gorillas for their head or hands to sell to tourists as a souvenir, or hunter that kill them to have a trophy. With so much of this going on, the rangers of the parks so not think there will be anymore of these gorillas left by the end of the century. There have been a few projects and conservation groups made to save this endangered species. The Washington-based African Wildlife Foundation, started a program in the parks on park security, to prevent as much poaching. The tourist program also developed rapidly. They went from 1,352 paid visitors in 1978 to 5,790 in 1984. With the help of the money from tourism, they were able to start some programs on the conservation of the mountain gorillas. The basic issues of the groups and programs are human population and the way land is used. The future for the gorillas look very bleak. Illegal logging, gold prospecting, and hunting has become more and more popular where the gorillas live. To assure gorillas a future will require a dedication that can not just be done through projects or even years or centuries, but it takes a commitment for the rest of eternity. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baumgartel, Walter. Up Among the Mountain Gorillas. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976. Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983. Patterson, Francine. The Education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. Schaller, George B. Gorilla: Struggle for Survival in the Virungas. New York: Aperture Book, 1989. Bibliography Baumgartel, Walter. Up Among the Mountain Gorillas. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976. Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983. Patterson, Francine. The Education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. Schaller, George B. Gorilla: Struggle for Survival in the Virungas. New York: Aperture Book, 1989.

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story â€Å"​The Yellow Wallpaper,† tells the tale of an unnamed woman slipping slowly deeper into a state of hysteria. A husband takes his wife away from society and isolates her in a rented house on a small island in order to cure her â€Å"nerves.† He leaves her alone, more often than not, except for her prescribed medication, while seeing to his own patients.​ The mental breakdown that she eventually experiences, likely triggered by postpartum depression, is supported by various outside factors which present themselves over time. It is probable that, had doctors been more knowledgeable of the illness at the time, the main character would have been successfully treated and sent on her way. However, due in large part to the influences of other characters, her depression develops into something much deeper and darker. A type of chasm forms in her mind, and we witness as the real world and a fantasy world merge. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a superb description of the misunderstanding of postpartum depression before the 1900s but can also act in the context of today’s world. At the time this short story was written, Gilman was aware of the lack of understanding surrounding postpartum depression. She created a character that would shine a light on the issue, particularly for men and doctors who claimed to know more than they actually did. Gilman humorously hints at this idea in the opening of the story when she writes, â€Å"John is a physician and perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster.† Some readers may interpret that statement as something a wife would say to poke fun at her know-it-all husband, but the fact remains that many doctors were doing more harm than good when it came to treating (postpartum) depression. Increasing the danger and difficulty is the fact that she, like many women in America at the time, was absolutely under the control of her husband: He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his sake, and keep well. He says no one but me can help myself out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me. We see by this example alone that her state of mind is dependent upon the needs of her husband. She believes that it is entirely up to her to fix what is wrong with her, for the good of her husband’s sanity and health. There is no desire for her to get well on her own, for her own sake. Further on in the story, when our character begins to lose sanity, she makes the claim that her husband â€Å"pretended to be very loving and kind. As if I couldn’t see through him.† It is only as she loses her grip on reality that she realizes her husband has not been caring for her properly. Although depression has become more understood in the past half-century or so, Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has not become obsolete. The story can speak to us, in the same way, today about other concepts related to health, psychology, or identity that many people do not fully understand. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story about a woman, about all women, who suffer from postpartum depression and become isolated or misunderstood. These women were made to feel as if there was something wrong with them, something shameful that had to be hidden away and fixed before they could return to society. Gilman suggests that no one has all the answers; we must trust ourselves and seek help in more than one place, and we should value the roles we can play, of friend or lover, while allowing professionals, like doctors and counselors, to do their jobs. Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a bold statement about humanity. She’s shouting for us to tear down the paper that separates us from each other, from ourselves, so that we may help without inflicting more pain: â€Å"I’ve got out at last, in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back.†

Trademark logos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trademark logos - Essay Example While considering the importance of logos and trademarks, the most important factor is that serves in distinguishing the product or service from that of the counterparts. Thus it becomes important that the trademarks are not generic and it does not refer to a geographic origin. However the protection rules for trademarks and logos do not cover such generic symbols and names. Another major importance of these marketing symbols is that they indirectly lead the customer towards the qualities of the product including its uniqueness and quality. In this context the logos and the trade marks add to the reach and extension of the particular product or service. However under the rules and regulations pertaining to trademarks and logos, it must be ensured that these do not deceive the customer and convey wrong message about the product. As described in the definition of World Intellectual Property Organization itself, logos and trademarks helps to identify the product or service of a particular enterprise globally from other products and services. This distinction and identity is quite important in the modern business scenario. This must be read together with the fact that in the liberalised international economy of the day, the chances of competition and deliverance area overlap is quite possible. To explain this concept, the wide acceptance of ‘ipod’ the music player produced and marketed by Apple would be an ideal example. The trade name ‘ipod’ has had such a market identify that the products which came into market with similar applications were also called by the customers as ‘ipod’. (Rao, A Sreenivasa, 2008).This identity would automatically build in a feeling of confidence among the buyers. Conveyance of Business Objective is another core significance of trademark logos in the modern corporate culture. Trade mark logos can play integral role in the extension of the business

A Critical Analysis of Own Video Work. Hush (2013) Essay

A Critical Analysis of Own Video Work. Hush (2013) - Essay Example The movie focuses on the illustration of the psychological disintegration of the lead character, Alice, who bereaves the death of her son, Jason. She appears obsessed with her son and while doing the chores in the course of her daily life, her attention goes back to her son. Her son’s memories haunt her through his possessions such as his guitar and mask, the room he had used, his pictures and even the â€Å"Spiderman Song† from his favourite cartoon. She also seems to be haunted by her own childhood, which reflects on the fragmented manner in which the thoughts about her son come to her. She lives alone and the movie makes no reference to her husband or any other relatives. Thus, it transpires that her son was the only person she loved and cared for and this explains her obsession for him. This obsession with her dead child destabilizes her present life and finally erodes her sanity and she ends up in a mental hospital. The movie eloquently portrays the disintegration of the young mother by relying purely on the actions of the protagonist within 4 consecutive days inside her house and using distorted images of her daily routines. In doing this, the movie seems to have drawn inspiration from many acclaimed directors of the horror and psychological thriller movies, especially from David Lynch and Sharon Maguire. The movie has several elements that conform to the concepts of horror and psychological thriller movies, including its theme, the sequences of action, setting, sound and music. Rather than revealing characterization through dialogue or plot development, the movie focuses on simple and routine actions of the protagonist to reveal her psychological condition, trauma and obsession with her son. It, however, follows a systematic approach albeit through the depiction of the changes in the character’s routine to illustrate how her behavioural pattern keeps changing within a matter of a few days, due to her disintegrating mental state. Thus , the movie, through illustrating the changes in the behavioural pattern of the protagonist portrays her mental state and shows how the obsessions can devastate the lives of human beings. The creative minds of people can sometimes follow a similar line of thinking and, as a result, one artist may perceive the same method for illustrating a particular in the same way that another has done. David Lynch is a highly popular and critically acclaimed director who has created many a masterpieces that have been celebrated as epoch making events in movie history. He is also known for his style of depicting the psychological traumas in individuals by showing distorted images from their daily lives to allude to their deteriorating mental states. The movie Hush also displays several traits that are typical attributes of Lynch’s style of representing the psychological problems in his characters. This can be evidenced from how the character in this movie displays the disintegration of her mind through the variations in her actions. The audience initially sees Alice in the movie when she does her make up in a leisurely manner, paying sharp attention to the details. She works on her eyelashes and cheeks in an unhurried manner and the cosmetics and other items are kept neat and tidy. Thus, the movie creates in the audience the understanding that things are normal for Alice and she is in a relaxed mood. In the next scene she is again shown tidying up the house, slowly dusting the surfaces and then she wipes the framed photograph of Jason, pauses to take a look at him, touches the picture and then moves off. But the memory lingers in her mind, as suggested by the tune of the lullaby with its ending note. Alice prepares tea and sits down and stirs it when the camera zooms to the door of Jason’

Horse Fighting in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Horse Fighting in Asia - Essay Example These fighting are conducted in stadiums or in the fields of different villages. Mostly, they are done in less populated areas. However in case of populated areas it is conducted on local road tracks, which may be harmful for citizens as well. That is why I have chosen this topic to study its context and history as well as analyzing it basis of how this game came into existence. 1.2 Horse fighting This sport is common in all parts of Asia. Horses are mainly used in fighting, kicking and biting in order to create entertainment and have a financial gain. This is mostly practiced in the countries which have more tourists each year. These people spend a lot to gain pleasure and try to earn money which leads to gambling on horse fighting. This practice is illegal one cannot harm other living being for entertainment or to have more money. There are many other ways to have these two things rather than conducting this sport. Horse fighting also involves a process and technique. Firstly, a ma re is binged by injection of hormones. Then she is taken out tied with roped and as well as padded for couple of minutes so that they can pick her scent. Then the two stallions are released and they start fighting with each other, while mare stands at a distance. It is continued for several minutes, horses keep on biting and kicking each other, unless and until one goes out of the ring. If one does not get out of ring, it can lead to death of any one. These fights are conducted on daily basis and lead to bloody wounds on the body of horses every time when they enter in a race. This is very unhealthy and risky game for their life. It have been noted that most of the horses die after the fight or they are slaughtered for meat and are shot dead if they are unable to do fighting (Amschler Wolfgang, 1935). Horses are graceful, social and intelligent creatures that don’t fight among each other. Studies indicated that when horses are shown care and are given safe and healthy environ ment, in result they become a strong bond with human beings. They can help in many social activities. However, involving horses in fight with each other is against the nature. History is past, today in this modern world one should try to make best use of all resources rather than wasting them. Training and development Horses are trained for fights on the basis of a manual of war among horses which was written by Hittite horse master in 1350 BC. This was one of the earliest manual written on horses and is in practice till today. The most difficult part in training horses is to overcome its natural instinct to flee the smell of blood, from noise and confusion related to combat. It is also made to learn unusual movement of humans and fighting with the other horse. They are made to hurt other horse though kicking, biting and striking thus they are made to serve as a weapon. It is important to develop agility and balance in the horse while fighting with the other. So in this training and development program horses are made to learn all acts of fighting (Matt Van Hoven, 2008). 1.3 Historical perspective and analysis Horse fighting is a sport since 500 years back and is mainly done by Indonesia, China, South Korea, and Philippines. It is a

How I can help University of San Francisco to carry out its mission Essay

How I can help University of San Francisco to carry out its mission - Essay Example Being a Muslim, I hope not to bring in religion in my work as this will tend to influence me negatively and thus stop me from doing what is good for the entire University Fraternity. To begin with, I would like to encourage the University to open more scholarship opportunities for the less fortunate students; this will encourage students to study hard in order to qualify to gain the scholarship. The Jesuits Catholic Tradition encourages and welcomes persons of all faith and culture. This is a very positive approach from the University. I would encourage that students are offered the freedom and responsibility to be able to make their own judgments’ regarding all matters (Higheredjobs par 3). To promote learning in the University of San Francisco, I will encourage them to recruit staff globally. Aside from the staff, I will also encourage them to recruit and retain students from other countries; this will ensure that every student gets global exposure and thus a wide wealth of experience. This will encourage students to act and think in a globally way. I will also encourage the University of San Francisco to encourage the students to engage in variety of activities, which will encourage togetherness among the students and in turn get opportunities to develop important life skills. I will also encourage the University of San Francisco to encourage the culture of service that is respectful and promotes dignity for every student. The University should also ensure that there is equal and rightful distribution of resources. This will help ensure that some departments do not prosper at the expense of others. This encourages individuality among students improving their individual performances. I believe that, attending the University of San Francisco would help me learn more about the Jesuit Catholic Tradition and in turn teach it to others. This will help me assist the university achieve

Transvestic fethishism Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transvestic fethishism - Research Proposal Example osis, the nosology for sexual disorders is essentially identical to that of the third edition (DSM–III;American Psychiatric Association, 1980) and the revised third edition (DSM–III–R;American Psychiatric Association, 1989) and is based on Kaplans (1977) triphasic model of the sexual response cycle (desire, excitement, orgasm). Kaplan (1979) has speculated that each phase of sexual response is mediated by separate neuroanatomical pathways, although empirical support for this hypothesis is lacking. Clinically, it has been established that individuals frequently present with comorbidity or multiple sexual dysfunction diagnoses. For example, one recent study of 588 male and female patients with a primary diagnosis of HSDD found that 41% of the female patients and 47% of the male patients had at least one other sexual dysfunction diagnosis (K.B. Segraves & R.T. Segraves, 1991). Additionally, 18% of the female patients in that study had diagnoses in all three categori es of sexual desire, arousal, and orgasmic dysfunction. DSM–IV includes subtyping of the sexual disorders as lifelong or acquired, generalized or situational, and caused by psychological or medical factors. Unfortunately, little information is available regarding the prevalence or incidence of diagnostic subtypes or the relationship to treatment outcome. Emphasis has been added in the current system on the role of psychological distress and interpersonal difficulty in the definition of sexual dysfunction, although the criteria remain subjective and relatively arbitrary in most instances. As noted by Wincze and Carey (1991), there are no available studies of the reliability or validity of the DSM–III–R (American Psychiatric Association, 1989) or DSM–IV diagnostic system for sexual disorders. Wincze and Carey also pointed out that the current system is based on a dichotomous view of sexual health as either functional or dysfunctional, whereas sexual functioning might better be represented on a

How I can help University of San Francisco to carry out its mission Essay

How I can help University of San Francisco to carry out its mission - Essay Example Being a Muslim, I hope not to bring in religion in my work as this will tend to influence me negatively and thus stop me from doing what is good for the entire University Fraternity. To begin with, I would like to encourage the University to open more scholarship opportunities for the less fortunate students; this will encourage students to study hard in order to qualify to gain the scholarship. The Jesuits Catholic Tradition encourages and welcomes persons of all faith and culture. This is a very positive approach from the University. I would encourage that students are offered the freedom and responsibility to be able to make their own judgments’ regarding all matters (Higheredjobs par 3). To promote learning in the University of San Francisco, I will encourage them to recruit staff globally. Aside from the staff, I will also encourage them to recruit and retain students from other countries; this will ensure that every student gets global exposure and thus a wide wealth of experience. This will encourage students to act and think in a globally way. I will also encourage the University of San Francisco to encourage the students to engage in variety of activities, which will encourage togetherness among the students and in turn get opportunities to develop important life skills. I will also encourage the University of San Francisco to encourage the culture of service that is respectful and promotes dignity for every student. The University should also ensure that there is equal and rightful distribution of resources. This will help ensure that some departments do not prosper at the expense of others. This encourages individuality among students improving their individual performances. I believe that, attending the University of San Francisco would help me learn more about the Jesuit Catholic Tradition and in turn teach it to others. This will help me assist the university achieve

Police Discretion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Discretion - Research Paper Example This is the soul essence of the report, the police officer and his judgment actions at the spot, in the field at a particular instance; a fact that differentiates a good officer from an average one. Definition Discretion can be described as a police officers’ will to act upon a certain situation or not and in what way. That is for example whether to stop a speeding motorist, book him or leave him with a gentle warning. The definition may be true but more often than not discretion is associated with use of force in the field. This discretion can be in either deciding to see force and if using so, how much and to what extent (Hunt 1985). Another school of thought preaches that the discretion of a police officer is with regard to the time spent on the situations coming across his desk or field when deployed. This can be explained by the example of a police officer helping a stranded motorist, using his duty time as a service duty, where as he could have avoided this situation (En gel 2007). Advantages The first and foremost benefit of handing over powers to a policeman in the field is the amount of time saved while taking a decision. Just imagine the hassle for a field person to refer to headquarters for each and every decision he has to take in the field. Therefore having discretion in his own hands, allows him to save time and act within the safe time region, where minimum damage is occurred to the law and order situation. Another positive that comes out from added discretion is primarily based upon the financial and physical resource distribution. In layman terms, the number of policemen, jails and courts are not enough for all the criminals to be given the same procedural approach. This will create havoc; hence the police discretion provides this advantage to the justice system (Goldstein 1977). If each and every discrepancy in the field or office needs a proper resolve, the men in the system will always be occupied with such minute stuff, making it very difficult for them to justify the call of duty for urgent pressing matters. Therefore a large force would be needed to do all this. So it can be easily said that saving resources is one of the largest benefit of putting authority in the hands of a police officer. (Engel 2007). Disadvantages The main problem associated with the above mentioned system is the lack of consistency as each officer has a separate way of perceiving the solution of the problem at hand which may result is disastrous situations. Behavioral patterns are very difficult to predict causing a massive dent in the police officer’s discretion supporters’ argument. This has seen to be the reason why there is an air of distrust on the officers on the part of the public which often leads to stand-offs between the two. Saying all this, the main problem is defined in all together another area. The most negative factor is the misuse of powers from the police. This often leads to violation of basic rights spec ially those which require body searches, property searches and protection against self-incrimination (Walker and Katz 2002). Forced Existence and Intelligent Use Questions are often raised about the whole authority into the individual hands system. The real and practical question being; that whether the police system can function without the discretion in the hands of a

Social Networking Essay Example for Free

Social Networking Essay Social Networking A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Technological Institute of the Philippines College of Engineering In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements in Bachelor of Science Industrial Engineering By: Jessica P. Tumambing Approved By: Ms. Federa Acknowledgements The author would like to express his sincere appreciation to all those that have assisted in the completion of this Thesis. Ms. Federa Ms. Federa has been an excellent professor. The author could not have completed the research without her guidance and ongoing support. Respondents Author would like to thank all the people that took the time to respond to the questionnaire and assisted in gathering the primary data. Friends and Family Finally the author would like to thank his friends especially to my very best friend for their great help and for enduring me. Their assistance has been very motivating. I would also like to thank my family for their support, with special mention to my Mom and Dad, for always covering my back and providing me with encouraging words DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents who have always been my nearest and reverse nearest neighbors and have been so close to me that I found them whenever I needed. It is their unconditional love that motivates me to set higher targets. I also dedicate this to my best friend (Jhae Jimenez) who is my nearest surrounder and have provided me a strong love shield that always surrounds me and never lets any sadness enter inside. ABSTRACT Social Networking Sites are experiencing a rapid growth; there seems to be no limit to their size. Many Social Networking Sites boast with millions of members using their networks on regular basis to communicate, share, create, and collaborate with others. Popular examples of these Social Networking Sites are Facebook, LinkedIn and Bebo. Although most of these sites lack decent business models, they are valued at millions of pounds. Google paid 1.5 billion dollar for YouTube when it wasn’t even earning a single penny. The reason successful Social Networking Sites have become so valuable is due to the amount of people that are using it; and people are exactly what organizations are after. This report aims to find out whether Social Networking Sites have the same value in the context of recruitment. Academic literature extensively discusses online recruitment, however not much is said about recruitment on Social Networking Sites: ‘Sociocruitment’ Research revealed that professionals are quite optimistic about Sociocruitment. Although users of Social Networking Sites had a disperse opinion on organizations contacting them on these websites; not many were negative. The contemporary research furthermore harvested information from a range of sources to create understanding of key issues allowing readers to familiarize themselves with the concept. Finally the report makes suggestions on how organizations can engage in this new media. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Sheet I Acknowledgement II Dedication III Abstract IV Table of Contents - V CHAPTER 1 Background of study - 1-2 Statement of the Problem 3-4 Significance of the Study 5 Assumption of the study 6-7 Scope and Limitations - BACKGROUND OF STUDY This thesis explores Social Networking sites as a medium of expression for sexual identity construction; more specifically the research question aimed to explore how gay and lesbian individuals use social networking websites as a means to construct and explore their sexual identities through self presentation on conventional social networking sites (SNS) available and used by everybody versus LGB SNS which are primarily used by Lesbian/Gay and Bisexual individuals and groups. Through the conduction of eight semi- structured interviews with an even number of four males and females and a content analysis of each participant’s social networking profiles, the research explored how sexual identities were presented and played out on these sites by the variation and degree of information that was disclosed by the sample study. Overall the aim was to explore the advantages and disadvantages social networking entails for the gay community through a comparison of both types of SNS, exploring how self presentation and sexual identities are negotiated and managed through the two while determining if these sites were in fact a safe location to play out sexual identities if they are a site of identity restrictions. From research up to this point it has struck me that there is limited research concerned with the disadvantages of social networking and identity experimentation for gays and lesbians. Thus this present study aims to acquire if gay individuals feel  they can perform their sexual identities more comfortably and honest in one ahead of the other or if they feel the need to ‘conceal’ their sexual identities on certain social network sites which are accessible to all e.g. Facebook and reasons why. The basis of this study is to get both sides of the story, addressing the positives but also taking into account the negatives and weighting up which SNS is less restrictive on sexual Page 2 of 39 identity construction. Self presentation will be a dominant theme in drawing research, extending on the existing research exploring the differences of presentation between the two sites. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace allow you to find and connect with just about anyone, from a coworker in a neighboring cube to the girl who played Emily in your high school production of â€Å"Our Town† thirty years ago. Browsing these sites can make you feel connected to a larger community, but such easy, casual connection in an electronic environment can also have its downside. A False Sense of Connection According to Cornell University’s Steven Strogatz, social media sites can make it make it more difficult for us to distinguish between the meaningful relationships we foster in the real world, and the numerous casual relationships formed through social media. By focusing so much of our time and psychic energy on these less meaningful relationships, our most important connections, he fears, will weaken. Cyber-bullying The immediacy provided by social media is available to predators as well as friends. Kids especially are vulnerable to the practice of cyber-bullying in which the perpetrators, anonymously or even posing as people their victims trust, terrorize individuals in front of their peers. The devastation of these online attacks can leave deep mental scars. In several well-publicized cases, victims have even been driven to suicide. The anonymity afforded online can bring out dark impulses that might otherwise be suppressed. Cyber-bullying has spread widely among youth, with 42% reporting that they have been victims, according to a 2010 CBS News report. Decreased Productivity While many businesses use social networking sites to find and communicate with clients, the sites can also prove a great distraction to employees who may show more interest in what their friends are posting than in their work tasks. Wired.com posted two studies which demonstrated damage to productivity caused by social networking: Nucleus Research reported that Facebook shaves 1.5% off office productivity while Morse claimed that British companies lost 2.2 billion a year to the social phenomenon. New technology products have become available that allow social networks to be blocked, but their effectiveness remains spotty. Privacy Social networking sites encourage people to be more public about their personal lives. Because intimate details of our lives can be posted so easily, users are prone to bypass the filters they might normally employ when talking about their private lives. What’s more, the things they post remain available indefinitely. While at one moment a photo of friends doing shots at a party may seem harmless, the image may appear less attractive in the context of an employer doing a background check. While most sites allow their users to control who sees the things they’ve posted, such limitations are often forgotten, can be difficult to control or don’t work as well as advertised. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1. Informatics Manila Students – The main target of the study, for the students to be aware of the impact of social media to them 2. Parents – This study will be beneficiary to parents of the students, for them to be aware of the impacts of social media usage. 3. Informatics College Manila – The study will also be beneficial to the educational institution for the awareness on the impact of social media usage. 4. Future Researchers – They will benefit from the study through the information they could gather.